George Orwell And The Movie Divergent - 1189 Words

A dystopia holds the illusion of being a perfect society, however, the reality is far from it. This type of society maintains control through corporate, bureaucratic, technological, moral or totalitarian measures. It breaks down the impetuous nature of humanity; it is the ultimate assassination of freedom. Literature that depicts dystopias, tend to follow a common archetype. Though similar in its foundation, dystopian literature can take on vastly different forms. This is observable in the novel 1984 by George Orwell, and the movie Divergent by Veronica Roth. The novel and the movie compare as well as differ regarding the aspects of their dystopian characteristics, controls, protagonists and figurative elements. Additionally, they both provide insight into our world today. The novel 1984 and movie Divergent share the dystopian characteristics of an oppressive government, prevailing conformity and strict divisions. The oppressive government in 1984 is known as the Party. The Party expects full loyalty; families, free thought, individuality and many more natural rights are prohibited, in fear that the Party will lose power. It insures this by monitoring all the actions of people through â€Å"telescreens† and â€Å"thought police†. It also instills guilt and fear with endless propaganda. Everywhere Winston, the protagonist in 1984, went he saw nothing â€Å"except the posters that were plastered everywhere...†(Page 2, 1984). The people of Oceania are brainwashed into believing that this

The Effects Of Media On Mental Health Stigma - 1680 Words

Throughout the past fifty years, the media has developed dual, counterintuitive roles in regard to mental health stigma. While the media has been a major contributor to the negative attitudes surrounding mental illness, it has recently evolved to become one of the most effective means of ameliorating stigma. However, the media needs to continue to improve in order to promote a healthy environment for people with mental illness. Before narrowing our focus on the media, we must clarify the terms mental illness and stigma. According to the National Alliance on Mental Health, a mental illness is â€Å"a condition that impacts a person’s thinking, feeling or mood and may affect his or her ability to relate to others and function on a daily basis.† A survey conducted by the CDC reveals that 26.2% of adults in the US have at least one mental disorder. 5-7% of US adults have a â€Å"serious mental illness,† and 5-9% of children have a â€Å"serious emotional disturbance.† Mental illness remains the top cause of disability in the US, and, according to the World Health Organization, more US citizens die from suicide every year than from war or homicide. One contributor to the high suicide rate is stigma. According to the President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, stigma â€Å"refers to a cluster of negative attitudes and beliefs that motivate the general public to fear, r eject, avoid, and discriminate against people with mental illnesses.† Mental health stigma remains a major reason why peopleShow MoreRelatedThe Stigma of Mental Illness1656 Words   |  7 Pagesclinical diagnosis might exacerbate the stigma of mental illness. In Corrigan’s study clinical diagnosis adds groupness for the collection of people with mental illness which worsens the level of prejudice (Corrigan 34). Corrigan states that this ultimately leads to overgeneralization, as there is an assumption that all individuals diagnosed with the same mental disorders behave the same way (Corrigan 34). According to Corrigan the stereotypic description of mental illness perceives to the public thatRead MoreMental Illnesses And Mental Health1165 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction World Health Organization (WHO, 2014) defines Mental health as a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. Whereas Mental illnesses (MI) are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood or behavior associated with significant distress and impaired functioning (Health Canada, 2012). MI affects people of all agesRead MoreIntroduction.... â€Å"If Mental Illness Could Be Seen On A1255 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction... â€Å"If mental illness could be seen on a sufferer maybe society wouldn’t say ‘just get over it’ .† Mental illness unlike other diseases or disorders are, for the most part invisible. They are not easily recognised. These instances of being told to â€Å"just get over it† or â€Å"just calm down† or â€Å"It’s all in your head† are direct evidence of the stigma of having mental illness present in some cultures. A mental illness is in fact in your head, but your head is connected to body, they areRead MoreThe Effects Of Stigma Surrounding Mental Illness1658 Words   |  7 PagesMental illness is a controversial topic in recent news. From Sandy Hook to the Aurora movie theatre shooting, the effects of mental illness have sparked fierce debate and negative stigma surrounding the issue. Mental illnesses, â€Å"patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional† (Myers 562), affect 1 in 4 people at some point in their lives (Stigma and Discrimination). However, only 59.6% of people with mental illness report receiving treatment, as theyRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Illness1212 Words   |  5 Pagesbizarre statements heard by people experiencing symptoms of mental illness. Patients suffering a physiological illness rarely hear these words, but they have begun to sound like a broken record to the mentally ill. Everyone sympathizes with the stomach, the liver, the eye, and many other organs in the body when they begin to malfunction, but no one sympathizes with the brain. It is unimaginable and almost abominable for the brain to get sick. Mental illness is probably the most misconstrued and trivializedRead MoreReducing Mental Health Stigmas1195 Words   |  5 PagesReducing Mental Health Stigmas According to the National Alliance of Mental Health, 1 in 5 adults in the United States of America experience mental illness in a given year (NAMI, 2017). Out of those adults, not all will seek out mental health services. If there are services in the community being offered, why are the services not utilized more often by these individuals? There may be many barriers that preventRead MoreMental Illness And Its Stigma1363 Words   |  6 PagesMental Illness and Its Stigma â€Å"One in five adults in America experience mental illness,† (Mental Health, n.d., para 1). Many people define mental illness as a characteristic that makes one irrational or delusional and derives a belief that those who have mental disorders are not suffering from a real disease, resulting in a negative view of those who suffer. There are three ways to defy this stigma that everyone, from media producers to the sufferers themselves, must participate in to break downRead MoreThe Stigma Associated With Schizophrenia1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe Stigma Associated with Schizophrenia. Jason Branch Fayetteville Tech Community College Author Note This paper was prepared for English 112.02, taught by Mr. Charles King on April 2, 2015 Abstract Mental illness is an area that many people are uncomfortable with. There is something suspicious about people who tend to appear mentally ill. This creates nervousness, fear, while presenting the unknown; therefore, Stigma. Now Stigma is defined as disgrace or public disapproval, which can leadRead MoreEssay about The Portrayal of Schizophrenia in Me, Myself, and Irene1178 Words   |  5 Pages Most people gather what they know about mental illnesses from television and film. Unfortunately these media portrayals are inaccurate and create stigma. They depict people suffering from mental illnesses as different, dangerous and laughable. Characters are often addicted to drugs or alcohol, are violent, dangerous, or out of control. Horror film characters like Norman Bates in Psycho, Jack Torrance in the Shining, or Hannibal Lecter in Silence of the Lambs associate the typical psycho- killerRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On The Media Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Mental illness is often wrongly portrayed in the United States’ media creating stigmatization and misrepresentation. Mental illness â€Å"refers to a wide range of mental disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). Examples of disorders include anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Any â€Å"negative attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are called stigma† (Wilson et al., 2016, p. 2) and stigma can contribute

How to Improve Your Community free essay sample

You have decided to give several hours of your time each month to improve the community where you live. What is one thing you will do to improve your community? Why? Use specific reasons and details to explain your your choice. Getting involved in community services is a very self-fulfilling job and a privilege that every has. There are numerous things that people can do to help improve and ease the comfort of their community. The one thing that I will not forget to do is to get others involved. It is very vital to get others to voice out their opinions and concerns to help build and shape the communitys future. It would be better to get some youths to contribute for the good of the community since we are not only constructing for the good of today but also for the better of the coming generations and leaders. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Improve Your Community or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Developing a vision is something we ought to do. Listing down all the things and statements that we think the community should function and look forward to in the next 10 to 15 years. I would also assign responsibilities to those people who are reliable, responsible and motivated and set a time limit for achieving the expected results. In this case, what we plan and voice out will not only remain a statement but an action well taken care of. Another thing that I will not forget to do is to promote future leaders to continue leading the whole community by involving youths and giving them all responsibilities. We should also let the youth know that a good leader is someone who shows willingness and enthusiasm; someone who will ensure that the future of the community is the one that will benefit everyone. In conclusion, to help improve the comfort of my community, I will get others involved so that everyone can have a share In shaping the communitys future, develop a vision and assign people who will develop that vision and last but not least I will promote future leaders so that the community will have someone to lead them to the right path.

Local Demographics for Cultural Differences free essay sample

According to the US Census 2010 the city of Atmore Alabama had a population of 10,194 which may seem small to some, but to myself who have noticed the quick growth it is quiet a large number. Atmore has become a town were you can see very clearly the changes there are 5,672 Blacks, 4,073 Whites, 184 American Indians, 185 Hispanics, 146 Two or more races 120 Mexicans, 63 White American Indians and Alaska Natives, 30 Asians, 8 Filipinos, 3 Vietnamese, and 1 Korean. This data puts the percentages as follows 55. 4% of the population are Blacks, 39. 3% are Whites, and 1. 8% Hispanic making these the largest ethnic groups. Of these there are 0. 3% Lesbian couples, and 0. 5% Gay men. (quickfacts. cencus. gov). The study of healthy gay couples really did not begin until 1984, with McWhirter and Mattison’s book The Male Couple. (psychpage. com/family/). Even with a reported median income per household of $36,263. 00 there are 23% of the residents still living in or below the poverty line. In 2011 the numbers changed slightly to 22. 8% showing 11. 1% for Whites, 30. 0% Blacks, 63. 5% Hispanic, and13. 0% for American Indians. Here in Atmore the median age is 37. 4 also according to the census. (quickfacts. census gov). There is also a very large amount of religious groups represented in Atmore there are more churches then any other establishments with Southern Baptist being the highest percentage with 58. 6 %. ( www. city-data). These fact go to the point that even living in what is known as small town USA demographics and different cultural play a roll in how and were things take place. The number of Blacks living in Atmore makes them the majority and at the same time Blacks have the higher level of poverty than Whites. Most of the Black families have always lived here and never left, this is contrary to fact from the 2000 and 2010 U. S. census report mention in the text. In fact this could hold true for the Whites most of the same old family names are still living here but their rates of poverty are very different. (quickfacts. census gov). This is mostly because of cultural difference that goes back a very long time ago. Even though the Hispanics living here made the move changing the demographics in this chase it did not help with their level of poverty. These changes come from two sources changing demographics within the United States and changing immigration patterns according to the text. These differences in poverty levels can be traced back in history. The National Defense Mediation Board, along with War Labor Board worked hard to bring equal pay for equal work regardless of race. (-national-war-labor-board). In fact the efforts of the National War Labor Board were successful in completely getting rid of the classifications of colored laborer and white laborer by getting it known as laborers receiving the same pay rates without any discrimination because of their race. Another thing about Blacks and Hispanic is that the population growth in these races was predicted by the U. S. Population Reference Bureau. These groups here in Atmore have grown even thought their numbers may be lower than Blacks and Whites but their cultural effect is very strong. They include Tow or more races 146, 120 Mexicans, 63 White American Indians and Alaska Natives, 30 Asians these figures reflect what the 2010 Census projections of the diversities in the U. S. (quickfacts. census gov). With all of these different cultures came different religious preferences which can either bring a community together or tear them apart. Religion can actually be used to define the way some community members interpret their role in the universe. A religion sometimes evolves from the local culture, and different religions can rise from the many different cultures. Often members of one religion can convert members from other cultures to change their beliefs. It has also been many times were the different religious groups have banded together to fight against Lesbian couples, and Gay men. Even though these two have the lowest present of representation of all represented they face the most opposition to their culture especially in this small town. Even though there had been a study of these couples some of which had relationships lasting as long as 37 years. Gay and lesbian couples make up 1 million of the 11 million couples living together in the 2000 census. (library/gay-lesbian). After reading the text and other sources I realize that demographics and different cultural are very important in day to day life even in small-town USA. I was surprised that there were more Blacks in Atmore than Whites. Reading about the trends the census bureau had projected shows that it was to be expected. Also the wages here are high for the few and the rest are living so badly. The other thing that got me was the low number of Hispanics that were recorded because there are at least four new Hispanic restaurants here in town and along with the rest of us there seem to so many more. I am trying to learn Spanish because I here it everyday every were I go. That seem to be the biggest bearer I am facing and if anyone had told me that even 5 years ago I would not have believed it. It is my belief that if you live in America you should learn to speak the language just as you have to in every other country. I am still trying to learn so that I can improve in the area of inner cultural communications making for a better neighborhood.

Grounds Zero A Starbucks

Doing business means being ready to face some highs and lows. Even among the titans of the modern here is hardly a single entrepreneurship that has never experienced a failure or at least lacked success among certain type of public. However, when it comes to such a famous company as Starbucks, one could have hardly believed that there are places in the world where there are little to no people who know about the company.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Grounds Zero: A Starbucks-free Italy. Bloomberg Businessweek specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Still, the sad truth is that in Italy, most people have no idea about what Starbucks is and what services it offers. According to the conclusions in the article written by Stephan Faris, Schultz, the company director, the company should try promoting their production among the Italian people, yet the attitude of the latter towards coffee as a quick drink made in b etween work can ruin the entire campaign. One of the basic complexities concerning the situation is that when entering the Italian market, Starbucks will have not one, but several obstacles to overcome. The first and, perhaps, the least significant problem for the company is that at present, there is hardly a single person in Italy who is aware of the company’s existence, not to mention the services that it provides. However, with a decent promotion campaign, Starbucks will quickly become well-known among the local people. What is going to motivate people to choose Starbucks instead of their traditional cheap coffee is a more difficult question. Hence, it is necessary to develop an advertisement that will emphasize Starbucks’ advantages as compared to other coffee-producing companies. Finally, the fact that the Italians do not understand the culture of â€Å"flow food† (Faris, 2012) might become an obstacle. Hence, Starbucks will have to come up with a decent le gend of their drink. While the widely accepted image that the Starbucks has, i.e., beverage that one can savor to taste the entire palette, will most probably not suit the values of the Italian people, a legend with a more energy in it is likely to do the trick. Nevertheless, one must admit that the company has a certain strategic advantage for entering the Italian market, and that advantage must be used for the Starbucks’ benefit. First of all, it is necessary to keep in mind that the Starbucks’ products have the finest quality, which cannot be considered the feature of the traditional Italian coffee companies. Putting the emphasis on the specific taste and the gourmet flair, Starbucks can possibly become rather successful in the Italian market. However, as the article mentions, low price is what exactly attracts clientele to the Italian coffee producing companies. Therefore, it will be reasonable for Starbucks to offer a more flexible pricing policy in the Italian ma rket, with a focus in quality that one cannot see in other companies.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Judging by the above-mentioned, to conquer the Italian coffee market, Starbucks will have to come up with completely new strategies and develop new maneuvers. One of the most obvious moves at present is to shift the emphasis from the coffee being an elite drink to a tasty drink. Therefore, the social strata that consume coffee the most will realize that the delicious product is actually marketed for them. However, rethinking the key methods that can be applied to the promotion of Starbucks in Italy, one must mention that in the given case, a more subtle promotion campaign will probably do a better job. As it has been mentioned, Italians have a different vision of world and its pleasures, and a traditional Starbucks approach towards advertizing can confuse the Italia n target audience even more. Hence, a less pompous and more casual-style commercial will have a better effect. According to the recent news, a home-made commercial of Starbucks coffee has been much more successful than all the advertizing campaigns held so far by Starbucks in Italy: according to the recent news, â€Å"the advertising poster announcing the imminent arrival of a Starbucks store last week in Milan† (Lawrence, 2012) has been spotted. However, it was soon revealed that the latter â€Å"was just a prank by a design student† (Lawrence, 2012).  Hence, it seems that there are reasons to promote Starbucks in Italy again. Changing the strategy a bit and adjusting to the Italian market, the company is likely to succeed. Aiming for the public other than the traditional Starbucks elite, the company will definitely win the clients’ preferences. Starbucks definitely has chances in Italy; however, the legend behind the drink must be modified somehow to fit the vision of the Italian people. Following on the heels of a traditional Italian perception of a coffee break as a two-minute long quick warm-up before getting down to work, the whole Starbucks image can fall flat. Developing a more flexible idea of their trademark, on the other hand, can become the company’s trump card, and they will be able to play it most efficiently when the advertizing campaign is over and people are thrilled about the new experience. Thus, Starbucks will be able to cross the finishing line and reach ultimate success. Reference List Faris, S. (2012). Grounds zero: A Starbucks-free Italy. Bloomberg Businessweek.  Retrieved from ProQuest.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Grounds Zero: A Starbucks-free Italy. Bloomberg Businessweek specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lawrence, J. (2012). Drinking with the enemy – could Starbucks make it in Italy? Web. This research paper on Grounds Zero: A Starbucks-free Italy. Bloomberg Businessweek was written and submitted by user Bryant T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Charge of the Light Brigade Essays

Charge of the Light Brigade Essays Charge of the Light Brigade Paper Charge of the Light Brigade Paper which shows a dramatic recreation for the reader of the events which occurred. This is followed by a temporary pause of relief, which is followed by the line but someone was still yelling and fumbling, which portrays the agony of incompetent movement. The use of three ss shows urgency because of the repetition, which is significant because it depicts the excruciating exigency to fit their helmets in time. In the final section, Owen directs his criticism towards pro-war poets, specifically Jessie Pope, whom he hated for the excitement she instigated through her ignorance. It ends with the lines from which the title was derived, described as the old lie, which refers to nineteenth centaury poetry, e. g. Henry V, because of the word old. By referring to it as a lie, he is attacking these poems, which not only explains the irony of the poems title, but also reinforces Owens position of communicating the realties of trench warfare. In conclusion, the tradition of war poetry has evolved as the publics awareness of its realities gas changed. One of the poets who actively developed war poetry after 1914 was Wilfred Owen, who passionately hated the way in which war was glamorised and made to appear exciting and honourable. His poetry was contrasting to the majority of pre-1914 poetry, but is now the most widely recognized and remembered.

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Politics - Essay Example To be specific he labeled it as a ghost or counterfeit of a part of politics (Plato) Socrates found it shameful but nonetheless revealed that what Gorgias and Polus claims to be an art may be considered under flattery. It is a persuasion not done by organized logic but a form of flattery which reveals that it is not genuine (Plato). To elucidate on this concepts, Socrates used the concepts of medicine and gymnastics as masked by cookery and tiring respectively and as such are knavish, false, ignoble and illiberal (Plato). They are deceitfully overlaid with lines, colors, enamels, garments creating a spurious beauty to the neglect of the true beauty (Plato). Having said this, Socrates considers rhetoric lower than art, not a work of a scholarly person and is fake. Socrates also highlighted the point that rhetoricians can fall to injustice as opposed to Gorgias’ claim that it is to be of noble purpose such as the purpose of those in the field of medicine (Plato). In contrast Socrates refuted that rhetoric can be unjust as evidently given by Polus as an example. As fake, rhetoric cannot be used by men of justice but is associated with perverse men who desire not the good of the society but the pursuit of their own self-interest as seen with the tyrants, who are seen to kill, despoil or exile anyone whom they please (Plato). Men of the state can be rhetoricians who can persuade citizens but not do justly. In the end, Socrates considered them pitiful and definitely not to be envied as he considers the sufferers more blessed than those who bring suffering (Plato). In the end, he even cited that the man who does what he wills even though it is evil is not necessarily powerful because power is evidenced by what is good. A deep stab to the integrity of politics is Socrates’ assertion that rhetoric is under flattery and therefore not genuine. This is a painful truth that everyone

Organizational behaviors management term project - Panda Express Paper

Organizational behaviors management project - Panda Express - Term Paper Example The menus in this restaurant brought to America the flavors of Szechuan and Mandarin cuisine. These same menus became the inspiration and standard for all the Panda Express restaurants that are known and loved in the wide America. The making of quality meals with fresh and premium ingredients besides being served fast and hot was one competitive advantage Andrew identified and utilized to the fullest. The result was the tremendous growth of the Panda Express chain of restaurants not only in the United States but the world over (Fox77). Our group’s selection of the Panda Express chain of restaurants out of our love for authentic Chinese cuisine and our being intrigued by how fresh and fast the food is constantly cooked and served. A majority of the group members have had meals at the Panda Express restaurants and realized that the quality of the food is uniformly of a high quality. Our love for authentic, or fairly authentic, Chinese cuisine seems to have travelled with us from China to the United States. It was a unanimous decision among the group members who, having eaten at several Chinese restaurants across the United States that claimed to offer authentic cuisine, all decided that only the cuisine found at the Panda Express chain of restaurants lived to its name (Grenway 44). ... The latter is to expose the Chinese citizens firsthand to American-Chinese type of cuisine which is excellent (Filipova 45). The main goal of the group is to find out how Panda Express is able to serve such high quality food at its characteristically fast pace yet retain the fine features of a dining eatery. The aim of group is of the opinion that the managers utilize the rush hours besides having active communication skills with their subordinates to create an excellent customer experience (Tosi and Pilati 109). The aim is to research into the managers’ use of leadership, motivation and employee engagement skills in forming a group of hard-working employees with the restaurant’s aim in their hearts. Another aim is to find out the managers’ daily activities that contribute to the success of the restaurant chain and push the employees to willingly outdo themselves in their service (Griffin and Moorehead 40). What also evoked our curiosity was the fact that some me mbers of this group eat at the Panda Express restaurant on the campus premises once to four times each week and always find the food freshly cooked even with the high demand for the food which always seems to improve in taste (Sharma 73). Hypothesis The group’s belief is that managers use leadership skills acquired from outside the restaurant chain or gained at the restaurant to instill a sense of urgency among the employees and then set cooking or serving goals that have always outdid the demand from customers. Among the leadership skills most likely driving the success in the restaurant chain are conflict resolution among the employees and management, quickness of thought to invent better services and the accuracy of predicting rush hours to utilize the large number of customers

Homework 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Homework 1 - Assignment Example By much the same token, the United States is viewed with similar incredulity in the Muslim Middle East. Equating its support for Israel as cowardice and subservience to the Israel lobby, the caricatures of the United States that exist within the Middle East are nonetheless frightening. Ultimately, a fundamental misunderstanding lies at the core of why the continued ill will exists between these two groups of people. The main cause of frustration and indignation against the United States that exists within the Middle East is with respect to the continuous and unyielding support for the state of Israel. By much the same token, the majority of the frustration that is exhibited within the United States towards individuals within the Middle East is born out of the faulty understanding that there is some sort of invisible link to radical Islamic terrorism that exists just beneath the surface of each individual from this

Explaining The Primary Purpose Of Taxation Economics Essay

Explaining The Primary Purpose Of Taxation Economics Essay Tax is an enforced  fee  that is charged on individuals and organizations  by government  or its agency on a  product,  income, or  service. Despite many people complaining of making tax contributions to government, these contributions are very important for the economy of a country. This is because these financial contributions are used by government for the implementation of various socio-economic development projects such as the construction of roads and bridges, schools, health facilities and provision of social services like national security, provision of salaries for civil servants including the police, the army, judges, doctors, nurses and teachers. However, to clearly understand the rationale behind government charging of taxes terms such as taxation, equity in relation to taxation, direct and indirect tax and sources of income, need to be clearly understood. Taxation mainly refers to the  actual act in which government or its taxing authority (Such as Malawi Revenue Authority) actually  collects tax from individuals and organizations. In Malawi, taxation is guided by several principles that are mostly highlighted in the Taxation Act and Amendments. The taxation principles emphasize that taxes collected should be just-enough to generate revenue  required  for  provision  of essential  public services, and that taxes must be  spread  over as wide as possible  section  of the  population, or  sectors  of  economy. Furthermore, taxes are enforced in a manner that facilitates  voluntary compliance  from individuals and organizations to the maximum extent possible, but also taxes must equally burden all  individuals  or  entities  in similar economic circumstances. Adding to this, taxes do not favor any one  group  or sector over another. Equity in relation to taxation is another important element that needs to be clear understood as far as taxation is concerned. The word equity centers on the fairness and justness of collecting taxes by government. Equity in relation to taxation implies giving as much  advantage and  consideration to one  individual or organization  as it is given to another in similar economic conditions. This is a principle that taxes should be fair and should be based on different peoples ability to pay, and is usually related to their income. Practically, it is expected that an individual that earns more income has to pay more than an individual earning a comparable lower income. Taxes are divided into two main groups of Direct taxes and indirect taxes. On one hand, the direct taxes can be said to be those paid directly to the government by the individuals or organizations on whom it is being imposed. Examples of direct taxes charged by the Malawi Revenue Authority include income taxes, such Pay As You Earn (PAYE), and as the name implies, is a tax on Income. Income, according to MRA includes the total amount in cash or kind received by or accrued to a person from sources within Malawi, or deemed to be within Malawi. Another form of direct tax is tax based on wealth and this is based on the wealth of an individual at the date of death and is sometimes called Estate Duty. On the other hand, Indirect tax, also referred to as goods and services tax, is a tax collected by an intermediary, such as a retail store from a person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax (such as the customer). Indirect taxes are computed in the cost of goods or services an in dividual or organization purchases. In Malawi an example of indirect tax is sales tax, which is a duty paid based on the value of goods or services that have been purchased. Sales tax in Malawi is known as Value Added Tax (VAT). Customs duty is another form of indirect duties and is tax levied on the value of goods that have been imported into the country. Excise duty is also a form of indirect tax and these are imposed on selected locally manufactured goods to discourage the consumption of such goods. There are a various number of income sources that are taxable from income an individual or organization earns, which is generally net income from employment, business and rentals. There are many sources of income but the most common are salary and wages, which is the kind of income that the majority of people have to deal with when filing their taxes and is what individuals earn from a job. Another source is self-employment income, which is any money that an individual makes outside a regular job from services rendered. For example, if an individual operates a home-based business, money from this endeavor would be counted as self-employment income. Another type of income that one may receive is interest income, and is the income one receives from putting money into a savings account. QUESTION TWO Explaining the Primary Purpose of Taxation Taxation is a means by which governments finance their expenditure by imposing charges on citizens and corporate entities. The main purpose of taxation is to accumulate funds for the functioning of the government machineries. All governments in the world cannot run its administrative office without funds and it has no such system incorporated in itself to generate profit from its functioning.  In other words, a government can run its administrative set up only through public funding which is collected in the form of tax. Therefore, it can be well understood that the purpose of taxation is very simple and obvious for proper functioning of a state. Taxes are charges levied against a citizens personal income or on property or for some specified activity. As such, one purpose of taxation is to increase in effectiveness and productivity of the nation as government is able to implement various socio-economic development projects such as the construction of roads and bridges, schools, hea lth facilities and provision of social services. Another reason is that taxation assists in reducing consumption of unwanted goods. Taxes as such can be used as an effective tool to reduce the consumption of unwanted goods like alcohol. Higher taxes on such goods reduce the consumption as the price of the product will be very high for the consumers. Government also uses taxes as a way to protect local industries and as such make them more profitable. Increasing tariffs on imports and charging lower taxes to local products may boost the demand for goods and services produced by domestic industry. Taxes on imports, which are called tariffs, can be used by government to correct an unfavorable balance of payment situation by increasing the tariffs. This will result in imports becoming expensive and will cause a fall in demand for the imported goods. Explaining Five Reasons that Contribute to Non Compliance with Tax Laws Non compliance of tax laws  can be said to be a failure, intentional or unintentional, of taxpayers to meet their tax obligations. This lack of compliance can be as a result of different factors as indicated below: A Rising or High Tax Burden: Individuals and organizations will tend to be non compliant to tax laws when the taxes are deemed to be high as compared with the cost of living. In such a case taxpayers will tend to avoid payment of taxes so as to have a sizeable amount of money to be used in the purchase of different commodities. Lack of Knowledge on Tax Laws: This point focuses on the unintentional failure of a taxpayer to comply to tax laws. An example would be a small or medium enterprise that does not know that it is required by law for their businesses to be registered and as such pay taxes. Further, taxpayers would like the actual location or requirements needed for them to comply. Complexity of Tax Laws: Unintentional non-compliance may also be caused by the complexity of tax laws, that is by the difficulty of keeping accurate records and the inability to obtain the information needed to comply. For example, low-income taxpayers who cannot afford to employ tax agents could face problems understanding basic laws and even routine mathematical operations and interpreting the tax tables may present problems. Tax Evasion: Tax evasion is the failure to declare taxable activity or income and this is a practice in the employment of the services such as consultancies, builders, plumbers and decorators. This intentional non-compliance requires the taxpayer to have some measure of understanding of the tax system. Weak Tax System: This can also lead to intentional non compliance of tax laws as taxpayers are able to utilize loopholes in the tax system. As such, this encourages taxpayers to be non compliant as they are assured of not facing prosecution.

Emily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death Essay -- Emily Di

Emily Dickinson's "Because I Could Not Stop for Death" In Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death â€Å" (448), the speaker of the poem is a woman who relates about a situation after her death. The speaker personifies death as a polite and considerate gentleman who takes her in a carriage for a romantic journey; however, at the end of this poem, she finishes her expedition realizing that she has died many years ago. The poem contains six quatrains, and does not follow any consistent rhyme scheme. Every line starts with a strong beat and ends up with a weak beat. The first and third lines in each stanza have iambic tetrameter, but the second and fourth lines do not contain any consistent meter. The feet generate a rhythm the following way. Bevcause/ Iv | could/ notV | stop/ | forv Death/ Hev kind/lyv | stopped/ | forv me/ This rhythm mimics the sound of horses’ hooves on the ground. Emily Dickinson correlates the speaker’s expression of her journey â€Å"toward Eternity-â€Å"(l. 24) with horses’ hoofed feet in her allegory (Class note). In the first stanza, she begins her journey with a refined gentleman named Death who takes her in the carriage. Even though in the first line â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† (l. 1), the poet gives us a hint of the speaker's disappearance in the world, the speaker thinks that she is still alive. The poet chooses a special term â€Å"Immortality† (l. 4) to show that at the beginning of her journey the speaker is young and ...

How To Move Past Cultural Elements Essay

There are two ways in which cultural elemental change must be supported. The first is in the manner of executive support. This is not merely â€Å"yessing† the voiced suggestions of staff. Rather, it is though the changed behavior of the executive that staff will change is well. This is termed as behavioral support. Executives must model the behavior that they want to see in their subordinates. They must also follow the rules that they expect their workers to adhere to until that rule has changed. Help the team members achieve goals that are not only important to the team, but important to the individual team members as well. â€Å"Use every possible communication tool to build commitment and support for the big goal, your organization’s values and the culture you want to create† ( (Heathfield). Leadership is not proven by making unrealistic promises or brutal tactics in order to impress or intimidate. It is proven when an executive means what he says and does what he says. The second way in which cultural elemental change must be supported is the training of the support team. The executive cannot merely expect to perform without ensuring that they have the proper training. A support team cannot be expected to support without a clear interpretation of what is expected and desired of them. Here it is useful to create a value and belief statement that the entire team subscribes to. Change the reward structure and redesign the operational structure to reflect the new organizational culture that is coming in. Bibliography Heathfield. (n. d. ). How to Walk Your Talk, leadership in Action. Retrieved August 09, 2010, from Ask. com: http://humanresources. about. com/cs/managementissues/a/walktalk. htm

Good At, Good In, and Good With

Good At, Good In, and Good With Good At, Good In, and Good With Good At, Good In, and Good With By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the difference between saying, â€Å"I’m good in English† and â€Å"I’m good at English†: I always felt that theres a different nuance there when Im saying it. I just cant pinpoint it exactly. One of the numerous meanings of good is â€Å"competent, skillful, clever at or in a certain action or pursuit.† The two expressions in the reader’s question are often used interchangeably, but generally speaking, â€Å"good at† is used with an activity: He’s good at football. She’s good at product design. Her mother is good at Trivial Pursuit. When Fatima was only six, she was good at drawing. When it comes to school subjects, both â€Å"good at† and â€Å"good in† are used: Jere is good at math: he always finishes first. Jere is good in math: he makes all A’s. It’s difficult to formulate a rule for â€Å"good in.† An actor can be â€Å"good in a role.† Someone who is â€Å"good at sex† is said to be â€Å"good in bed.† A level-headed friend is â€Å"good in an emergency.† A similar expression used to indicate competency is â€Å"good with†: Because Daiki is good with numbers, he plans to study accounting. Maribel is good with children; she wants to be an elementary teacher. Amos is good with his hands; he remodeled the entire house. Lilah is good with money; she saves at least 40% of her allowance every week. Here are some examples of all three expressions as used on the Web: Michael Phelps:  Good at swimming, better at golf Why are  humans  and dogs so  good at  living together?   School shootings: Were good at finding fault, not so good at finding a solution Is it true that people who are good at music can learn a language sooner? Are you good in a crisis? Are pit bulls good with kids? Are you good or awful with money? When it comes to using prepositions in idioms, memorization is often necessary. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesThe Writing ProcessApostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

Pearl Harbor Vs. September 11th essays

Pearl Harbor Vs. September 11th essays Two dark days in the history of the United States affected many Americans and changed their lives forever. The memories that were carried from the dates December 7th, 1941 and September 11th, 2001 are dates which will never be forgotten, as Americans remember the lives of innocent people that were taken by acts of war. These days are similar in some ways, however different in other ways. Americans dont know about the power that these two dates hold on America, as well as how these two dates are very similar and yet very different. Yesterday, December 7th, 1941, a date which will live in infamy. The united states of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the empire of Japan... These are the fine words that were stated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to the congress on December 8th, 1941. At approximately 8:00 A.M., Sunday morning, December 7, 1941 at Pearl Harbor, which is located on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, was attacked by the Japanese fleet both by air and by sea. The surprise attack had been conceived by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. The striking force of 353 Japanese aircraft was led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. There had been no formal declaration of war. During the attack of Pearl Harbor, many lives were taken and many ships and aircraft were damaged. The September 11th, 2001 attack occurred recently in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington D.C. Around 8:45 a.m. a large plane, possibly a hijacked airliner, crashes into one of the World Trade Center towers, tearing a gaping hole in the building and setting it on fire. Shortly after, a second plane crashed into the second world trade center. The aircraft was described to be a passenger plane. After the second aircraft hit the tower, the airlines and bridges in New York are ordered to close immediately. Unfortunately there was also another plane that was hijacked. This aircraft plunged into the pentagon in Wash...

Developmental state(East Asia) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Developmental state(East Asia) - Essay Example After World Banks noted acceptance of a certain role of government intervention, it can be said that ‘Developmental state’ theory is the centre of the debate (Johnson 1982; Amsden 1989; Wade 1990; Chan 1993; MacIntyre 1994; Evans 1995). For instance, Korea was cited as being one of the nations that had highly Confucian values and was characterized by significant state-led export oriented industrialization, authoritarianism and political development which was followed by economic development. Korea is ranked among the most developed third world countries which further raised the need for the study of the reasons why East Asian countries have been able to record such a magnitude of economic growth within a very short time. As a matter of fact, East Asian countries development has been far much more than other developing countries particularly those in Latin America such as Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay etc. The question under investigation in this work is what is the implication of East Asian Economic Development? The importance of this question is that it will shed light into the reasons why East Asian countries have been able to record high economic growth rate within a short time and could reveal possible routes that other developing economies could adopt and move on to a trajectory of higher growth. The present study will attempt to present an analytical overview of the factors that caused the phenomenon. As shall be shown, none of the arguments that try to explain the event are comprehensively convincing nor are totally discardable thereby reflecting partial truth to all of them. The Liberalist views tend to stress on increased market orientation while Mercantilist views emphasize on efficient regulation. The present study will explore both sides of the argument using a level analysis framework to pursue the truth. In the following section, a survey

Feminism Film Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Feminism Film Art History - Essay Example Blackmail (1929) is a story of a shopkeeper’s daughter Alice and her detective fiancà ©. At a wider perspective, the plot of the film can be well viewed from a feminist perspective as well. Blackmail is also a story of a women fighting against law and the issues of deconstructing a body of a women to a mere commodity and finding an alibi of art for the gratification of sexual appetite. It is the violence that has been taken into consideration repeatedly in the film through cinematic aesthetics. Also for Modleski, the interpretation of various scenes in the film can be interpreted from various dimensions. The studio incident with Alice and her assault is viewed in the light of sexual violence inflicted upon women where as a male critic can view it from an aesthetic of a body and its intricacies. Blackmail is a story with a women and her consciousness at the central plane and a delicate problem as well as relation of a woman and law. On one hand, the film’s central projection is on the punishment of woman for the reason of subordinating the law for her own desire and also for flaunting the bond that ties her with it which is her engagement with a member of the police force. On the other plane, we are presented with a more complicated relationship between the law and woman and also its abrupt failure to accommodate an experience of lady in patriarchal society. Modleski strongly raises the issue of attempted rape and silencing of women. Modleski contends that Alice is not provided with a voice rather she is objectified. She indicates that the painting of the Jester is used deliberately to put women on the realm of an inferior sex. Jester becomes the icon, the archetypal of male dominated society representing himself as a laughing male to both Alice and her fiancà © Frank. Jester again stops Alice and condemns her from laughing at the end of the film. He also reminds Frank of his deceiving fiancà ©

Catastrophic Cyberattack Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Catastrophic Cyberattack - Essay Example A cyber attack has been defined as a computer-to-computer attack that undermines the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a computer or information resident in it (O’Shea, 2003). Cyber attacks involve virus and worm attacks delivered through vulnerable exploit engines, denial-of-service attacks (DoS), web defacements of informational sites, and unauthorized intrusions into systems (Colarik, 2006, p. 84). According to the CSI/FBI 2005 Computer Crime and Security Survey, rate of losses from attacks are: viruses (33%), unauthorized access (24%), theft of proprietary information (24%), DoS (6%), net abuse (5%), laptop theft (3%), and financial fraud (2%) (Colarik, 2006, p. 83). But for a cyber attack to be successful, phases of attack must also be successful. The five phases of cyber attacks are reconnaissance, penetration, identifying and expanding internal capabilities, intruder damages the system, and removal of evidence of penetration or theft (Colarik, 2006, p. 83). Cyber attack penetrates the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system of a water supply system and poses detrimental effect over the system. Cyber Attack on a Water Supply System During the late 1990s, medium to large water utilities integrated IT and SCADA system.

Media and Masculinity Essay Example for Free

Media and Masculinity Essay Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami dan mendeskripsikan: (1) Konstruksi maskulinitas pada majalah laki-laki gaya hidup FHM. Tujuan tersebut dilengkapi dengan penjelasan realitas sosial yang melatarbelakangi hadirnya majalah laki-laki FHM (global dan lokal/Indonesia); (2) Konstruksi maskulinitas pembaca terkait dengan maskulinitas FHM. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma konstruktivis dengan kajian teoretis pada teori konstruksi sosial atas realitas (termasuk juga teori interaksionisme simbolik, dramaturgi dan semiotika), teori media massa dan konstruksi sosial, audiens dan pengkonstruksian makna, majalah laki-laki, dan teori-teori maskulinitas (jender). Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan sasaran studi majalah FHM, pembaca FHM di kota Solo dan Yogya, reviu media (akses internet) serta buku-buku literatur. Reviu media serta buku-buku literatur tersebut dikaitkan dengan realitas sosial yang melatarbelakangi hadirnya majalah laki-laki gaya hidup secara umum di mana FHM merupakan salah satu diantaranya. Teknik sampling yang digunakan untuk studi majalah dan pembaca adalah purposive sampling. Untuk majalah, dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik maximum variation terhadap rubrik-rubrik tetap yang menghadirkan maskulinitas yang kontradiktif dengan maskulinitas tradisional. Terbitan yang diperiksa adalah FHM edisi perdana (September 2003) s/d April 06. Hal ini dilakukan agar memperoleh gambaran variasi konstruksi maskulinitas yang secara konsisten disampaikan majalah melalui seluruh terbitannya. Setelah menemukan variasi maskulinitas tersebut peneliti membagi rubrik-rubrik tetap yang dimaksudkan ke dalam area-area maskulinitas yang mewakili mereka. Dalam masing-masing rubrik tetap, tidak  semua artikel yang ada sepanjang terbitan yang diteliti akan diambil. Tapi akan diambil artikel tertentu yang dianggap peneliti memiliki variasi ‘teks’ paling lengkap yang ditujukan untuk dapat membahas maskulinitas tertentu secara lebih komprehensif. Untuk pembaca dilakukan purposive sampling dengan kriteria pembaca yang membeli rutin majalah minimal telah membaca selama setahun serta masih berlangsung sampai dengan saat penelitian berlangsung. Pencarian pembaca ini dilakukan melalui milis fhmindonesia, agen-agen majalah dan informasi yang diperoleh dari teman. Pengumpulan data untuk studi majalah dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik analisis media yaitu menggunakan analisis wacana yang difokuskan pada jender. Sementara itu pengumpulan data untuk studi pembaca dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara mendalam dan pengamatan berperan pasif (observasi). Hasil-hasil penelitian dapat dikemukan sebagai berikut: (1) Studi terhadap majalah dan pembaca menunjukkan bahwa majalah laki-laki FHM menampilkan  progressive masculinity (androgyn). That is the masculinity which developes femininity. Yet this magazine still emphasizes the traditional masculinity. The finding which shows the masculinity proggressivity (androgyn) is: (a) Manly character â€Å"Metrosexual† (body image area); (b) â€Å"The equality pattern in the interpersonal relationship between man and women (interpersonal area); (c) The character â€Å"Emotional Man† (emotional area); (d) The character â€Å"FashionedTechno Masculinity† (intellectual area); (e) The character â€Å"Caring Man† in the sexual relationship affairs (sexual area); (f) The lost of man’s role as a breadwinner/a maker a living (functional area). The magazine presents the man’s image as â€Å"Single Blessedness Forever† owns a chance to wish of pleasure for himself and leads the exciting consumption activities; (g) The masculinity with the character â€Å"Social Butterfly† (pleasure area). (2) The progressive masculinity in the fixed rubric on sexual areas as mentioned above are also considered still emphasizing to the the traditional masculinity values: (a) Constructing manly/masculinity as a gender which is ‘having’ (‘to have’) relationship; (b) Constructing manly as a voyeur (a man obtains the sexual satisfaction from gazing woman’s sexual activities) and the texts of woman as a gazed object by man/male gazing. (3) FHM magazine is born in the middle of the rising of a new gender which is called â€Å"Metrosexual† (women-oriented man) as the influence of the success of global feminist movement. (4) Studies on the readers shows that they objectivate  the magazine’s masculinity. It means that readers accept the magazine progressive masculinity as an objective reality. The objectivation of magazine’s masculinity can not be separated from the individual masculinity experiences which are obtained through the socalization of family’s values, peer group, work surroundings, society dan the other media. This matter explains two issues: the first, the magazine’s masculinity objectivation by the readers are always negosiated by individual experiences. The second, magazine’s masculinities is not a new issues at all for the readers, but it is already observed in the daily life (peer group, work surroundings, general society) and the socialization of the other media, so, refer to that explanations the magazine functions is empahasizing the masculinity. Eventhough the magazine offers the new masculinity or the progressive masculinity at the same time, which looks contradictive against the traditional masculinity (which has been normalized), the interaction between the readers and the magazine is dynamic, a competition between push and pull. The interaction result is there is a push toward and a pulling the readers on masculinity which is offered by the magazine. (5) Studies on the readers also shows that readers objectivy traditional masculinity on sexual areas, which means that: (a) Manly/masculinity as a gender which is ‘having’ (‘to have’) relationship; (b) Manly as a voyeur (a man obtains the sexual satisfaction from gazing woman’s sexual activities) and the texts of woman as a gazed object by man/male gazing. (6) Masculinity is â€Å"a classed masculinity,† the objectivication toward the magazine’s masculinity can not happened absolutely because of the existence of some factors which are obstacles such as: economy, interest, necessity, job and marital status.

The Civil war Essays -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Civil War  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the United States, the southern states' economies were mainly based on agriculture, but not any normal kind of agriculture, they were based on the agriculture of slave labor. Slavery was deeply ingrained in the culture, so much that only a war could stop it. This war was a gruesome war, made far worse because of the advent of modern rifles, combined with an ignorance of advanced military tactics and lack of medical knowledge. At the time, the method common method of warfare was to line up on a big field and stand up and then shoot. The time that the war occurred was pre-germ theory, methods of antiseptics were unknown. This made it so that great damage would be inflicted upon a person, but there would be no way to properly heal treat it. This combination of factors made this war a particularly bloody and devastating one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A main factor of this war was that the social entrenchment of slavery ran particularly deep. The institution of slavery had been in place since the first colonies were established in the Americas. Early in American history, when the Constitution of the United States was drafted, slavery was also part of the institution. The southern states wouldn’t have ratified the Cons if slavery were outlawed. The Constitution of the United States was held to be the most holy of documents regarding law. Yet even these â€Å"high principled people† and â€Å"educated and sophisticated hierarchs† that approved and created the constitution left grievous discrepancies that later cause a terribly bloody war. If they had taken a clear stance on anti-slavery, the southern states would never have joined the Union. They discretely mentioned slavery in three different sections, but never out right say that it is legal, or illegal. It gave people the right to sue agai nst slavery. And that put doubt (whether they should be in the union) and fear into southern slaveholder’s hearts. This fear and suspicion was only deepened by the growing abolitionist movement, and gin. The cotton gin was of particular importance because much more cotton could be processed. That meant that more acreage could be planted and harvested. This created a huge increase in the am... ...vernment of Great Britain to have become destructive of these ends, the declared the colonies ‘are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown.† By that argument they are saying that it has all been done before, look, you yourself did it, so don’t be unjust and let us break away like you did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The citizens South Carolina were feeling that they had been violated and abused by the breaking of a viable contract. The northern states were trying to take away their inalienable rights, and they would stand for it. President Lincoln tried to make it clear that â€Å"I hold that, in contemplation of universal law and of the constitution of the Union of these States is perpetual.† South Carolina and all of the other southern states simply did not listen. Lincoln tried to talk sense into them, counter arguing their every point but they would not take any middle ground, as they felt they had already tried that. When it came down to fighting, Lincoln had the high moral ground, and not only that, the larger, more advanced, and better equipped armies. Lincoln tried to not push the point but he was forced to attempt to keep the union together by any means necessary.

Lao-tzu: Taoism and Moral Philosophy Essay

5. Structure of the Tao Yin: female slow dark night passive intuitive earth Yang: male fast bright day aggressive logical sky Yin and Yang are immortals they have a love/ have relationship each person has yin and yang 6. The wu-wei: non-action, respect to the flow of time, the art of waiting. Opposite of confusious Buddha Buddha is a spiritualist, a prince, gifted 1. Darhma (The teaching) -what is the meaning of human life? Dukkha: suffering, fight, struggle, competition – Why do we inflict upon ourselves unnecessary suffering? Tanha: egotism, selfishness, Trrisha: greed, addiction to pleasure Hudonism: seeking pleasure over pain. Seeking pleasure is a very sophisticated trap any addiction Is loss of freedom. You become a slave of your pleasure – What to do? Anatta: abstinence, restrained. No to any excessive pleasure. The art of no. – What is the goal? Anicca: liberation from addiction 2. The eight fold Noble Path: – Panna: wisdom 1. Understanding 2. Purpose – sila : conflict 3. Speech 4. Behavior Five moral rules: do not kill, steal, adultry, drugs, gossips Have consistancy in your morality, hypocracy corrupts you, don’t live a double life, fake identity Steps 1-5 are for normal people 6-8 are for monks or nuns. – Samadhi: Contemplation 6. Effort you control your body, physical needs, tell body when to sleep and eat 7. thoughtfulness control your emotions 8. Dhayana: deep meditation: control your mind. 3. Karma 3 types of karma * Sabija Karma: my birth karma. Born with culture in sould, reincarnation 4. Nirvana: Two kingdoms of reality Samsava: kingdom of pleasure, shallow Alaya Vijhara: The Kingdom of internal ideas, deep Nirvana: the state of eternal spiritual bliss Protageras: He was king of sophists in athens. Sophist: pofessional teacher 1. Panton anttropas metron : man is the measure of all things 2. Subjectivism: there is no objective truth, every truth is somebody’s truth, or has its face 3. Relativism: as many people as many truths, they are all equal. Accepting diversity 4. Pragmatism: truth has to be helpful, practical, useful 5. Conventionalism: truth is what we have agreed upon (sometimes silently) Ex: cultural expectations, gender roles 6. Conformism: truth of the majority has to be respected by the minorities 7. Tolerance: The truth of the minority has to be tolerated by the majority He reminds me of president obama because his ideas reflect democratic beliefs. Socrates: 1. Choti Seanton: Know Yourself. We humans are animals + Animals + psyche : ( soul) Care for your soul Soul = my self reflection We are reflective animals To reflect = to have knowledge ‘I know that I know nothing’ â€Å"a life unexamined is not worth living† 2. Epistemology (4 principles) Define the basic concepts as clear as you can, avoid misunderstandings Don’t be afraid of intellectual contradictions, diversity in opinions Socratic irony, don’t lose your sense of humor, don’t take yourself so seriously Only god knows the absolute truth, our human truth is limited Protageras: absolute truth doesn’t exist Socrates: absolute truth exits but only god knows 3. Moral Philosophy The essence of morality is to teach us arete: virtue, skills Perfect your skills, perectionism Its better to not be committed than to have a loose commitment Skills =knowledge Life-long education, ignorance is the mother of all evil 4. The idea of god God is the one, god is the absolute wisdom God is my moral vocation God is the voice of my conscience He believes in one god, god speaks to us from inside Find god through self reflection Plato Rich talented, student of socrates 1. Ontology What is the structure of reality? Being: essence deep form logical traditional moral spiritual eternal Becoming: surface, shallow, content, fashionable immoral material temporary What is the structure of being? Being consists of eidoses Eidos: spiritual form, intellectual bluepring , the law, the mold, the model Anything that exists physically has an eidos, it creates each specific physical ting Invention does not exist: discovery, before discovery eidos exists but its like a cold sun without rays The eidos of eidoses is goodness 2. Epistemelogy Levels:RealityKnowledge 1. Fake images illusions, kingdom of the stupid, wild imagination 2. Physcial things, kingdom of the everyday life, practical common sense 3. Low level idoses, kingdom of the professional, professional analytic mind 4. High eidoses, (love, justice, forgiveness) kingdom of the genius, the intellectual intuition of the genius 1 and 2 is becoming 3 and 4 is being 1 is artificial life, building a bubble around yourself 2. Practical things know how to take care of yourself 3. Professional knowledge become an expert in a subject need an analytical mind 4. Very few geniuses, best of the best, shakespeare, einstein, mozart. Have a gift from god or not, only males are geniuses, women are naturally born with common sens e and to become a genius you have to kill your common sense, every genius is a madman 3. Moral Philosophy To be moral means to have a arete: virture The fear of social change, social disorder, social chaos. Arete = not so much perfection but discipline, obedience, good organization, loyalty Plato supports closed social classes doesn’t like social mobility, caste system 4. Hates democracy. Problems are: phony promises of politicians, equal political rights for unequally educated people, excessive freedoms result is anarchy and tyranny he wants aristocratic republic Reminds me of hitler Aristotle Platos student 1. Ontology The kingdom of eidoses doesn’t exist, only nature does exist. Nature is a sum total of physical things Every physical thing consists of hyle: body, matter and telos: form Telos not so much outer form but an inner form the potential of the thing its prgram Dna ex: potential of talent God is the telos of nature when you die your telos dies god and nature coexist eternally 2. Eistemology Using observation and experimentation collect all relevant facts, using analysis, find out the laws of those facts, using logic, combine these laws into a comprehensive theory Scientific theory ^^ 3. Moral Philosophy Nicomachagu Ethics : Eudaimonia: noble destiny, fulfilling duty Sophro syhe: moderation Have good taste keep the mean, be a gentleman Fulfill your telos he believes all of us have gifts a duty to fulfill your gift, work hard we each have gifts to different degrees Don’t betray yourself (lie, cheat). Every betrayal starts as self betrayal you destroy yourself and then destroy everyone around you Honesty and integrity Obstacles: don’t underestimate them but don’t overestimate them Pleasure: not the goal of your activity but a by product Build your character its better to be always bad then unpridictable either be always bad or always bood Friendship: be a good loyal friend 4. Political Philosophy Democracy is the best regime Democracy is the power of middle class The middle class is the foundation of the healthy society.

Causes And Effects Of Air Pollution

When air gets polluted with dust, smoke, motor vehicles, mills and factories etc. is called air pollution. We know that air is an important element of our environment. But it is a matter of great regret that it is being polluted day by day in different reasons. Causes of Air pollution:There are different kinds of reasons of air pollution. The causes of air pollution are described below.1. Using poison in agriculture: In agricultural sectors, farmers often use insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers etc. These get mixed with air and causes air pollution. Besides, Ammonia is a very common by product from agriculture related activities and is one of the most hazardous gases in the atmosphere. âž ¢ Air Pollution-Paragraph2. Burning of Fossil Fuels: Burning of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles is one the major causes of air pollution. Smoke emitting from vehicles like buses, trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes etc. causes air pollution.3. Industrial sm oke: In mills and factories, large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and chemicals is emitted that causes air pollution. It is true that mills and factories can be found at every corner of the world that cause a huge amount of harmful gases that are the major causes of air pollution.4. Indoor activities: Different kinds of household activities like cleaning products, washing, painting etc. emit different kinds of toxic chemicals in the air and cause air pollution.Effects of Air pollution: There are different kinds of negative and harmful effects of air pollution. The effects of air pollution are described below.1. Global warming: Air pollution causes global warming in a great scale. With  increased temperatures world wide, increase in sea levels and melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs, displacement and loss of habitat have already signaled an impending disaster if actions for preservation and normalization aren't undertaken soon.2. Causes dise ases: The effects of Air pollution are very harmful for health. It causes different kinds of respiratory diseases like heart attack, Cancer, bronchitis etc. Every year millions of people of all over the world die due to direct or indirect effects of air pollution.3. Acid Rain:Acid raining is another effects of air pollution. Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. When it rains, the water droplets combines with these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in the form of acid rain. Acid rain can cause great damage to human, animals and crops.4. Depletion of Ozone layer:Air pollution depletes Ozone layer. Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer will go thin, it w ill emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problems. UV rays also have the capability to affect crops.5. Harms to the wild life:Air pollution harms the wilderness. Humans and animals face a lot of devastating effects due to air pollution. Toxic chemicals present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and change their habitat. The toxic pollutants deposit over the surface of the water and can also affect sea animals.6. Depletion of Ozone layer:Air pollution depletes Ozone layer. Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.  Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer will go thin, it will emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problems. UV rays also have the capability to affect crops.Conclusion:In the long run, it can be said that it is the right time to protect air pollution. To create a better place to live in for the human being and wilderness we have stop air pollution.

Roller Coasters and Their Theory Essays

Roller Coasters and Their Theory Essays Roller Coasters and Their Theory Paper Roller Coasters and Their Theory Paper 2010 NAME: CAROLENA SEEREERAM DINESH TEELUCKSINGH DEVIANN SINGH VINCENT BAHADUR KERLON MOORE INSTRUCTOR: MR. RISHI RAMPERSAD COURSE: ENGINEERING SCIENCE COURSE: ENGINEERING SCIENCE CLASS: COMPUTER ENGINEERING (YEAR 1) INSTRUCTOR: RISHI RAMPERSAD GROUP MEMBERS: CAROLENA SEEREERAM DINESH TEELUCKSINGH DEVIANN SINGH VINCENT BAHADUR KERLON MOORE ABSTRACT A roller coaster is an amusement park ride where passengers sit in a series of wheeled cars that are linked together. The cars move along a pair of rails supported by a wood or steel structure. In operation, the cars are carried up a steep incline by a linked chain. When the cars reach the top of the incline, they roll free of the chain and are propelled downward due to gravity through a series of drops, rises, and turns. Finally the cars are braked to a stop at the starting point, where the passengers get out and new passengers get on. Roller coasters are considered by many to be the most exciting ride in any amusement park. TABLE OF CONTENTS Task Pages Abstract 3 Introduction 5 Objectives Methodology6 Background Information Design of a Roller Coaster 7-13 * Working of a Roller Coaster 14-15 * Energy Transformations 16 Methodology 17 Main Body 18 * Brief History of Roller a Coaster * Types of Roller Coasters Reference and Appendix 19 INTRODUCTION This project is based on the operations and the energy conversions of a roller coaster and it is designed to make an understanding of how a roller coaster works. A roller coaster ride is a thrilling experience which involves a we alth of physics. Part of the physics of a roller coaster is the physics of work and energy. The ride often begins as a chain and motor, or other mechanical device which exerts a force on the train of cars to lift the train to the top of track. Once the cars are lifted to the top of the track, gravity takes over and the remainder of the ride is an experience in energy transformation. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this project include: 1) Describing the equipment design and operation of Roller Coasters. 2) Investigating the sources of energy and stating whether the energy is harnessed naturally or if it is renewable. 3) Energy conversion and the losses incurred during the conversion process. ) Identifying the environmental impacts of using such energy. Methodology Different data collection methods were used to collect information of the roller coaster. The most used was the use of the internet. A lot of the information was gathered from different sites and was restructured in one’s own words. Also watching videos from the internet (YouTube) was widely used in gathering of the information. Another method was through reading of text books and encyclopedia based on the roller coaster and once again the information was put together in one’s own words. The following steps were taken when researching the topic. First planning was done on how to do the research and who had to do what in the research. Different members had to do different types of research. Some did through the internet and some researched by reading of text books and encyclopedia. The data was then analyze, then the study of the design of the structure of the roller coaster. Implementation of the information and restructure of the information was then carried out by all members of the group. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Design of a Roller Coaster The design of a roller coaster ride is the first and most important part of the manufacturing process. Because each roller coaster is unique, every detail must be designed literally from the ground up. In order to design a roller coaster, designers must consider what kind of riders will use the coaster. If the coaster is designed for small children, the hills and curves will be gentle, and the cars speed will be relatively slow. Families usually want a somewhat faster ride with plenty of turns and moderate forces. Ultimate thrill seekers want extreme heights and speeds. Next, the designers must consider the space available for the coaster, because roller coasters not only take a lot of ground space, but also a lot of air space. Designers look at the general terrain, other surrounding rides, power lines, access roads, lakes, trees, and other obstacles. Some amusement parks have added so many rides that a new roller coaster has to be designed to thread its way through existing rides and walkways. The next objective for the designers is to achieve a unique feel for the coaster. Designers can draw on a number of techniques to provide a memorable ride. The initial incline can be made steeper or the speed of the lift chain can be made slower to heighten the apprehension of the passengers. Once up the incline, the first drop is usually designed to be the steepest, and therefore the fastest and scariest. Other drops can be designed with a brief flattened section in the middle, and are called double dips. Drops with very abrupt transitions to a flat or upturned section are called slammers because they slam the passengers down into their seats. Letting the cars run close to the ground, in what is called a gully coaster, gives the illusion of increased speed. The advent of steel construction for coasters has allowed a number of variations on the basic roller coaster ride. In some modern coasters, the passengers sit suspended below the tracks rather than riding on top of them. In others, the passengers ride standing up rather than sitting down. Most of the actual design and layout of a roller coaster is done on a computer. The height of the first incline must be calculated to give the cars enough energy to propel them all the way through the ride and back to the station. The horizontal and vertical forces that the loaded cars exert on the track must be calculated at every point to ensure that the support structure is adequate. Because each coaster usually incorporates one or more new and untried features, a working prototype of the new features may be built for testing and evaluation. The prototype is erected at the manufacturers facility, and weighted test cars outfitted with instrumentation are propelled through the test section at the desired speed. Based on these tests, the designers may alter their original design before building the final product. When the calculations, design, and testing are complete, a computer-aided drafting (CAD) program is used to prepare detailed drawings for each of the thousands of parts that will be used to build the new coaster. The Manufacturing Process of a Roller Coaster The actual physical construction of a roller coaster may take place in a factory or on the amusement park site depending on the type and size of the coaster. Most steel coasters are built in sections in a factory, then trucked to the site and erected. Most wooden coasters are built piece-by-piece on the site. Here is the typical sequence of operations for manufacturing both modern steel coasters and classic wooden coasters: Preparing the Site: 1) Before the roller coaster can be installed, the area where it is to be located needs to be cleared and prepared. 2)   If there are existing structures, vegetation, or utilities that need to be moved or demolished, this work is done first. If any of the surrounding terrain needs to be filled or excavated, that work is also done at this time. 3) Holes for the support structure foundations are surveyed and drilled or dug. Sturdy wooden forms are then constructed to hold the concrete for each foundation point. In some areas where the soil is very sandy, large wooden piles may be driven into the ground as foundations rather than using poured concrete. If concrete is used, it is brought to the site in mixer trucks and pumped into place by a concrete pump with a long, articulating arm that can reach each foundation form. Connector plates are imbedded into the concrete on top of each foundation to allow attachment of the supports. Erecting the Main Support Structure: 4) When the foundation is in place, work begins on the main support structure. All the parts for steel coasters are made in a factory and shipped to the job site in sections on trucks. In the factory, the pieces for each support are cut and welded into the required shape using fixtures to hold them in the proper orientation to each other. If a complex three-dimensional bend is required, this may be done in a hydraulic tube bender that is controlled by information from the computer. On wooden coasters, the material for the supports is usually shipped to the site as unfinished lumber and the individual pieces are cut and assembled on site. In either case, the lower portions of the main supports are lifted by a crane and are attached to the connector plates protruding from the foundation points. ) Once the lower supports are in place, they may be temporarily braced while the upper sections are lifted into place and connected. This work continues until the main support structure is complete. Installing the Track: 6) With the main support structure in place, the track is installed. On steel coasters, sections of track are fabricated in the factory with the stanchions an d tubular tracks welded to the track supports. After the sections are brought to the site, they are lifted into place, and the track ends are slid together. The sections are then bolted to the main support structure and to each other. On wooden coasters, wood tie beams are installed across the top of the main support structure along the entire length of the ride. Six to eight layers of flat wood boards are installed lengthways on top of the tie beams in two rows to form a laminated base for the rails. The rails themselves are formed from long, flat strips of steel screwed into the wood base. 7) On steel coasters, walkways and handrails are welded in place along the outside of the track to allow maintenance access and emergency evacuation of passengers. On wooden coasters, the portions of the tie beams outside of the track are used as walkways, and handrails are installed. ) The lift chain and anti-rollback mechanisms are installed on the lift hill, and the braking device is installed on the final approach to the station. Fabricating the Cars: 9) The individual cars for the coaster are fabricated in the factory. The sub frame pieces are cut and welded. The bodies are stamped from aluminum or molded in fiberglass, t hen fastened to the sub frame. Seat cushions may be cut from foam, mounted on a base, and covered with upholstery. Running wheels and guide wheels are bolted in place with locking fasteners. Brake fins, anti-rollback dogs, and other safety components are installed. Finishing the Ride: 0) When the main construction is completed, electrical wiring is installed for the lighting, and the entire ride may be painted. The boarding station is constructed, signs are installed, and the landscaping is put in place. Working of a Roller Coaster The roller coasters work on the principle of conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy. The cars attached to the roller coaster do not have self-powered motor. Instead they are pulled by one chained with the other to the first peak of the roller coaster track. On reaching the top of the first peak the kinetic energy with which the cars are pulled becomes the potential energy. With that the cars of the roller coaster system not only slide down but also move up the second peak. This process is repeated in the subsequent peaks and finally the cars are brought to a stop with the application of brake run. A well designed roller coaster will have enough energy to complete the entire course of the track and will come to an end on the application of brake run at the end. Modern roller coasters have launch mechanisms, which starts off the ride with a high amount of acceleration by means of one or series of Linear Induction Motors and Linear synchronous Motors, powered by hydraulic or pneumatic force. Roll back occurs when a launched train does not have enough potential energy to ascend the top of the first peak. Under the roll back the train comes back to the original launching place for re-launch. In the case of continuous circuit roller coasters, when the kinetic energy is not enough for the train to complete the travel after descending from its highest peak point , it moves forward and backward along the track until all the kinetic energy is released. After that it comes to a stop. Energy Transformations in a Roller Coaster A roller coaster ride also illustrates the work and energy relationship. The work done by external forces is capable of changing the total amount of mechanical energy from an initial value to some final value. The amount of work done by the external forces upon the object is equal to the amount of change in the total mechanical energy of the object. The relationship is often stated in the form of the following mathematical equation. KEinitial + PEinitial + Wexternal = KEfinal + PEfinal The left side of the equation includes the total mechanical energy (KEinitial + PEinitial) for the initial state of the object plus the work done on the object by external forces (Wexternal) while the right side of the equation includes the total mechanical energy (KEfinal + PEfinal) for the final state of the object. Once a roller coaster has reached its initial summit and begins its descent through loops, turns and smaller hills, the only forces acting upon the coaster cars are the force of gravity, the normal force and dissipative forces such as air resistance. The force of gravity is an internal force and thus any work done by it does not change the total mechanical energy of the train of cars. The normal force of the track pushing up on the cars is an external force. However, it is at all times directed perpendicular to the motion of the cars and thus is incapable of doing any work upon the train of cars. Finally, the air resistance force is capable of doing work upon the cars and thus draining a small amount of energy from the total mechanical energy which the cars possess. However, due to the complexity of this force and its small contribution to the large quantity of energy possessed by the cars, it is often neglected. By neglecting the influence of air resistance, it can be said that the total mechanical energy of the train of cars is conserved during the ride. That is to say, the total amount of mechanical energy (kinetic plus potential) possessed by the cars is the same throughout the ride. Energy is neither gained nor lost, only transformed from kinetic energy to potential energy and vice versa. Energy Transformations in a Roller Coaster Methodology Different data collection methods were used to collect information of the roller coaster. The most used was the use of the internet. A lot of the information was gathered from different sites and was restructured in one’s own words. Also watching videos from the internet (YouTube) was widely used in gathering of the information. Another method was through reading of text books and encyclopedia based on the roller coaster and once again the information was put together in one’s own words. The following steps were taken when researching the topic. First planning was done on how to do the research and who had to do what in the research. Different members had to do different types of research. Some did through the internet and some researched by reading of text books and encyclopedia. The data was then analyze, then the study of the design of the structure of the roller coaster. Implementation of the information and restructure of the information was then carried out by all members of the group. Main Body Brief History of a Roller Coaster: A roller coaster train going downhill represents merely a complex case as a body is descending an inclined plane. Newtons first two laws relate force and acceleration, which are key concepts in roller coaster physics. At amusement parks, Newtons laws can be applied to every ride. These rides range from The Swings to The Hammer. Newton was also one of the developers of calculus which is essential to analyzing falling bodies constrained on more complex paths than inclined planes. A roller coaster ride is in a gravitational field except with the Principle of Equivalence. An important thing to consider is that the carts on a conventional modern day roller coaster are not self-powered. The movement is generated exclusively by gravitational, inertial and centripetal forces. Although the tracks are getting more and more complex and the speed is ever increasing, the basic principles of physics at work are simple and can be easily understood. Still, the actual task of designing a roller coaster itself is by no means simple, which is reflected by the many obstacles that need to be overcome before a coaster becomes operational. Given this contrasting perspective, this paper is going to take a look at these underlying physics principles as well as some engineering methods that are involved. Energy is essentially applied to the carts only as they are pulled up the first hill. This hill is often called the lift hill. Once the coaster reaches the top, the forces applied to it for the remainder of the ride are mainly gravitational and inertial. Therefore, in essence, the fundamental principle behind the coaster’s operation is the ‘conservation of energy,’ which simply states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. The total energy which is consisted of ‘potential’ and ‘kinetic’ parts, is therefore constant. As the coaster moves up the lift hill, the total energy exerted on the carts is stored in the system as potential energy. This happens since as the height increases, there is a greater chance for the gravity to act on the cart to pull it down. However, it is not desirable to have the carts fall vertically to the ground, and so a good way to think about what is happening here is that the tracks are designed to manipulate this fall. The second physical principle relevant here is Newton’s first law: This states that an object stays in motion (or conversely stays still) if no external forces are applied. The tendency of objects to do this is referred to as ‘inertia’. Based on this principle, as the cart reaches the second hill (after the lift hill), it continues to rise converting kinetic energy to potential energy. However, some of the energy will be lost due to friction which exists between the tracks and the cart wheels as well as that created by carts moving through the air. Therefore, a few extra hills (which are shorter than the lift hill) are put along the path to ‘recharge’ the cart giving it more potential energy to convert back to kinetic energy. The racks are designed in such a way that at the end of the ride, all potential energy is converted to kinetic energy so there is little need for brakes and the carts essentially stop on their own. Components The worlds tallest and fastest roller coaster, the Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure in New Jersey. At first glance, a roller coaster is something like a passenger train. It consists of a series of connected cars that move on tracks. But unlike a passenger train, a roller coaster has no engine  or power source of its own. For most of the ride, the train is moved by  gravity  and momentum. To build up this momentum, you need to get the train to the top of the first hill (the lift hill) or give it a powerful launch. Chain Lift The traditional lifting mechanism is a long length of chain (or chains) running up the hill under the track. The chain is fastened in a loop, which is wound around a gear at the top of the hill and another one at the bottom of the hill. The gear at the bottom of the hill is turned by a simple  motor. This turns the chain loop so that it continually moves up the hill like a long conveyer belt. The coaster cars grip onto the chain with several  chain dogs, sturdy hinged hooks. When the train rolls to the bottom of the hill, the dogs catches onto the chain links. Once the chain dog is hooked, the chain simply pulls the train to the top of the hill. At the summit, the chain dog is released and the train starts its descent down the hill. Catapult-launch In some newer coaster designs, a catapult launch sets the train in motion. There are several sorts of catapult launches, but they all basically do the same thing. Instead of dragging the train up a hill to build up potential energy, these systems start the train off by building up a good amount of kinetic energy in a short amount of time. One popular catapult system is the linear-induction motor. A linear-induction motor uses  electromagnets  to build two magnetic fields one on the track and one on the bottom of the train that are attracted to each other. The motor moves the magnetic field on the track, pulling the train along behind it at a high rate of speed. The main advantages of this system are its speed, efficiency, durability, precision and controllability. Another popular system uses dozens of rotating wheels to launch the train up the lift hill. The wheels are arranged in two adjacent rows along the track. The wheels grip the bottom (or top) of the train between them, pushing the train forward. The Breaks Like any train, a roller coaster needs a  brake  system so it can stop precisely at the end of the ride or in an emergency. In roller coasters, the brakes arent built into the train itself; theyre built into the track. This system is very simple. A series of clamps is positioned at the end of the track and at a few other braking points. A central computer operates a  hydraulic system  that closes these clamps when the train needs to stop. The clamps close in on vertical metal fins running under the train, and this friction gradually slows the train down. Types of Roller Coasters: There are many different designs for Roller Coasters but the following are the most popular: * Wooden Roller Coaster * Steel Roller Coaster Wooden Roller Coaster – Wooden coasters use massive wooden trestle-style structures to support the track above the ground. Steel plates are used to reinforce critical joints. Steel Roller Coaster – These may use thin, trestle-style structures to support the track, or they may use thick tubular supports. The track is usually formed in sections from a pair of welded round steel tubes held in position by steel stanchions attached to rectangular box girder or thick round tubular track supports. All exposed steel surfaces are painted. Reference and Appendix http://cec. chebucto. org/Co-Phys. html http://library. thinkquest. org/2745/data/ke. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Centripetal_force teachersdomain. org/resource/hew06. sci. phys. maf. rollercoaster thehumorwriter. com/Kids_Corner_Original_Storie/Roller_Coasters/roller_coasters www. google. tt buzzle. com/articles/physics-of-roller-coasters. html

Hydroponic Vegetable production Essays

Hydroponic Vegetable production Essays Hydroponic Vegetable production Essay Hydroponic Vegetable production Essay Hydroponico Vegetable OProduction0 BY CYF Hydroponics has often been thought of as the future of growing, what many people do not realize is that the concept has been around for a very long time and already has been applied to agriculture. Hydroponics is not Just for flowers; in fact with its growing popularity in the past decade hydroponics has begun to be used for commercial vegetable production around the world. It is attracting to farmers because it presents them with a way to grow in areas and times they might not have been able to otherwise. This can mean that soil quality is not a factor and that the armers can have more control over their own microclimate within a greenhouse. Hydroponics suggests that anyone anywhere can grow his or her own high quality produce under limited conditions. Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil. It is the fastest growing sector of agriculture, and it could very well dominate food production in the future. Hydroponics id defined as the science of growing or the production of plants in nutrient rich solutions or moist inert material instead of soil. Hydroponics comes from Latin, the word hydro meaning water, and ponos meaning labor, hydroponics s water working. It is important to know that water alone is not enough to support plants growth. Traditionally soil gives plants anchorage for their root systems and supports vertical growth, it is a source of nutrients, fresh organic matter, and has water holding capabilities. Hydroponics must use fertilizers in their ionic form and supply plants with their essential minerals and nutrients through a nutrient solution. Artificial anchorage is used such as stakes or trellising. One benefit is that it is a more sterile environment than the soil. Soil can contain many toxins and pollutants as well s undesirable insect life and disease pathogens. With hydroponics it is likely that a recall, like the one we had a few years back on spinach that became contaminated with e-coli, would be entirely avoided. Farmers growing hydroponic crops and researchers see many benefits to this method. Higher yields are common and a higher yield per square foot is a given because plants can be grown densely and in vertical or upright ways. Produce from a hydroponic greenhouse is often of very high quality because it has not been subject to the stresses brought on by outside weather conditions and does not bear scars of amage cause by outside factors. It is easier to protect crops from pests and supplement the sun and increase production. Universities and research facilities for medicine and even NASA study hydroponic methods and use them for control experiments. Facilities can have a fully controlled indoor environment where they can research different affects by introducing variables, or like NASA study possibilities for one day growing plants in outer space or even on the moon. Hydroponics has been around for a long time but has began to take a strong foothold only in this past decade or so. It is a common misconception that NASA invented hydroponics; this is false. The first record of anything resembling hydroponics is by Sir Francis Bacon back in 1627 in his book Sylva sylvarum printed the year after his death in which he introduces a concept he called water culture. Water culture became a popular research technique. In 1699 John Woodward published his water culture experiments on spearmint in which he made the conclusion that plants grew better in unfiltered water. By the 1800s we knew that the reason for this is that there are essential nutrients that plants require for growth and ome are found in minerals present in unfiltered water. 1859-65 German botanists Julius von Sachs and Wilhelm Knop developed techniques of soil-less cultivation using nutrient solutions. The growth of plants without soil became known as solution culture, which is a technique that we still use today. In 1929, at the University of California in Berkeley, professor William Frederick Gericke began to publicly promote what he first termed aquaculture. Gericke created a stir by growing vine tomatoes twenty-five feet high in his backyard without the use of soil. William Gericke coined he modern day term Hydroponics in 1937 because aquaculture was already used to refer to aquatic organisms. He was reluctant at first to share his secrets and did not publish any details on his experiments until after he retired from UC Berkeley in 1940. During WWII in a place called Wake Island vegetables were grown hydroponically to feed to passengers on Pan American Airlines when they stopped at this refueling station. Wake Island is a rocky atoll; which has no soil on it in which to grow and it would have been too expensive to airlift in fresh vegetables. Disney orld opened an exhibit called The Land Pavilion in 1982 in their famous EPCOT center, which features a variety of hydroponic growing techniques. Nowadays hydroponics is not Just limited to researchers it has become available to the average citizen and is only beginning to be applied to agriculture in a much broader spectrum this past decade. The benefits of greenhouse hydroponic production are many. In controlled environment the farmer can have control over temperature, humidity, water, nutrients, C02 levels, and even light periods. One main benefit is that no soil is equired, that means there is nothing to till and much labor is eliminated from the growing process. Growing can be done regardless of soil quality and composition. A huge benefit is that water can stay in the system and be reused. Even though water is the main carrier of nutrients hydro systems are able to deliver Just the right amount of water and can reduce waste. Water can be re-circulated in the system and water use is typically 50-90% less than that used for soil crops which are subject to leaching and drainage capabilities. Plant roots can drown hydro takes this into ccount by using highly oxygenated water and preventing anaerobic conditions. So has complete control over nutrition and nutrition costs are lower and applications are more effective and efficient. Plants can absorb the nutrients much faster when they are suspended in water instead of clinging to soil particles. Yields are usually higher and of better quality with more stable results. Because hydro can be grown very densely and even vertically on shelves farmers are able to grow a larger number of plants in a much smaller area. Land use is reduced greatly and allows for farms to e closer to urban areas where they have a shorter distance to travel from harvest to local markets and kitchens. Many hydroponic researchers boast that produce harvested is of higher nutritional value and considered fresher because some crops, like lettuce, can be harvested with roots and remain fresh longer. Pests and disease are easier to contain and get rid of in controlled environments and the sterile environment allows for use of Integrated Pests Management programs that focus on biological controls and reduce the use of harmful pesticides. Disadvantages of hydroponic farming can be the loss ofa buffer, soil, any failure n the system , equipment failure, power outage, can lead to very quick death or damage of an entire crop. Pathogens can breed in these high moisture environments and young plants are susceptible to verticillium wilt and can die from dampening-off. In extreme environments water temperatures must be monitored and controlled so that you dont have any freezing or cooking of your roots. It is much easier and less expensive to heat or warm water in the system than to keep it cool. In desert regions enclosed systems are preferred to prevent loss of water through evaporation. The most common disadvantage is the extremely high cost of start-up and equipment. Since hydroponics is a growing technology the USDA and other organizations often have grants available for farmers working in hydroponics. In 2012 Living Water Farms was the recipient of one of the USDAs Value Added Producer Grants which are awarded to sustainable business ideas. Crop choice is taken into consideration because of the costs involved and certain limitation. Commonly lettuce is probably the vegetable most often grown hydroponically because it is quick and easy. Farmers can go from planting to arvesting a lettuce crop in as little as 30-45 days that allows them to get about 10 harvests out in one year. Tomatoes are another huge hydro crop, some of the largest North American Hydroponic farms focus on tomatoes production, from beefsteak, to vine ripe and cherry. Euro Fresh Farms in Arizona harvest approximately 250,000 tomatoes daily in mid summer. Euro Fresh Farms are also certified pesticide residue free and practice land and water conservation, solar panels are integrated into the design of the greenhouses to further reduce energy costs and the companys carbon footprint. After harvest, excess plant material is composted and waste is reduced. Euro Fresh Farms are not organic but they boast a ten plus year history of contamination free produce and claim to be better than organic because they dont use animal fertilizers which can contain food borne illness like e-coli and salmonella. The other crop they grow besides tomatoes are cucumbers. They are certified by the North American Greenhouse Hothouse Vegetable Growers, and dont use any GMOs. Locally Kennys Strawberry Farm is a great place to visit to see hydroponics working to produce fresh strawberries. The Temecula Valley farm has a u-pick hydro ground away from the reach of rodents and soil borne pathogens. They claim to be all natural and have heartier and healthier strawberries which are not picked until they reach ideal ripeness and redness. Their motto is we grow em You pick em where you can have a family outing and pick strawberries without ever getting dirty. Hydroponic farms in general tend to be smaller, because of costs and provide local markets and restaurants. Most are family businesses that practice sustainability and conservation. They produce a variety of vegetables and herbs, even feed for ivestock. Around the world hydroponics are already being used. There are huge hydro-lettuce fields in Japan, Germany, Pakistan, Australia, and places like the Philippines. Countries like Pakistan are reducing their need for imported produce and are actually beginning to export produce themselves. In the past their soil was considered useless for cultivation, but with hydroponics they are a growing success. In Conclusion, hydroponics is indeed a growing industry and I suspect that as our land gets more populated and developed we will see a rise in this industry. It can be sustainable and health conscience. You can grow more in a small area so it is welcoming to smaller property owners and perfect for urban areas. With each technological advance we get more precision out of every crop. REFERENCES All Season Greens I Easily Produce Your Own Low Cost, Highly Nutritious, Living Feed, 365 Days a Year! All Season Greens I Easily Produce Your Own Low Cost, Highly Nutritious, Living Feed, 365 Days a Year! N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 May 2013.. Beyond Sustainability. Windset Farms. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Apr. 2013.. Certified, Greenhouse, Vegetables, Growers. Certified Greenhouse/Hothouse Vegetable Producers Association of North America. , n. d. Web. 01 May 2013.. Drought and Heat? Some Farmers Try Hydroponics. NET. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 May 2013.. Hydroponics in Action Organic Basil, Lettuce, Tomatoes, Herbs and Other Tasty Produce Year Round. N. p. , n. d. Web. 01 May 2013.. Rana, Imran. High-tech Agriculture: The Extraordinary Profits of Hydroponic Vegetable Farming. The Express Tribune High-tech Agriculture The Extraordinary Profits of Hydroponic Vegetable Farming Comments. N. p. , 23 Mar. 2012. Web. 1 May 2013.. Strawberry Farm. Kennys Strawberry Farm. N. p. , n. d. web. 2 May 2013..