Physical, Human, and Economic Geography of Italians

Introduction Italy is located in continental Europe, in the South Central, to be specific. Its neighbors include France Switzerland and Austria to the north, Slovenia along the Alps, and the Italian Peninsula, the islands Sicily, and Sardinia to the south in the Mediterranean ocean. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Physical, Human, and Economic Geography of Italians specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Italy is known in history as the home of some of the world’s most celebrated artists like Titian, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Botticelli among many others. In addition, Italy is well known for historical tourism structures such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa which is made from marble. The people of Italy speak Italian language. Most of the people are Roman Catholics. The people of Italy also engage in economic activities like merchandise, mining, tourism, fishing and many other activities. In add ition to this, Italians are well known for their fashion in cloth industry. This report discusses the physical, human, and economic geography of Italians. It also gives a brief description of Italy as a country. Historical Setting Italy is known to be the headquarters for the Roman Empire in ancient times. This is because its capital city, Rome, was used to rule a large portion of Western Europe. The country has always attracted foreigners from ancient Greek settlers to modern tourists. Artists, pilgrims, romantic poets and mercenaries were also frequent visitors of Italy’s major cities (Woolf 13). The Celts inhabited northern Italy especially along the Lombard valley. Other people who settled initially include the Etrurian people who settled in Tuscany. This was during the period in which Italy was not yet born. Characteristics of the population of Italy Most of the country’s population lives in cities and towns. The large population occupies northern Italy, the west coast in particular. The southern parts of Italy are more rural although not productive for farming activities due to climatic factors. The behavioral characteristics of the population, dates back from the seventeenth century when cities began to grow in number. Most administrative centers experienced a sharp growth while others stagnated at a particular size. Thus the increase in urban population caused a decrease in the size of the rural community (Woolf 57).Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Geographic Setting of Italy Italy covers a total area of 116,340 square miles, the islands of Sardinia and Sicily being included. Its population is 58 million people (How Stuff Works 4). The capital city of Italy is Rome. Italy also has several other major cities which include Milan, Naples, Genoa and Venice. The continental Italy is a peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea that is, it pro jects outwards from continental Europe into the sea. The republic of Italy encompasses two islands in the Mediterranean. The islands are Sicily and Sardinia. Due to political boundaries, the northern part of Italy is situated between the gulf of Trieste and the Rhone at its efflux from the lake of Geneva. Therefore, the Rhone, the Pennine Alps together with some parts of Adriatic Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea separate Italy from her neighbors France, Germany and Switzerland. The coast of Italy is composed of the Adriatic Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea up to the region where the Maritime Alps appear to end just near France’s frontiers (Brun 586). Generally speaking, most of the northern fertile areas are covered by the Po valley which receives and transports all the waters that come from the Apennines northwards. It also receives all the water that comes from the Alps towards the south. The river follows a parallel course with the Adige. The Adige enters the Adriatic by a se parate mouth with the Po. Geologic Setting of Italy A large part of Italy is covered by mountains which include the Alps. Most of the Alps in Italy are composed of the rock dolomite. Other mountains in Italy include the Apennine Mountains which dissects the middle part of Italy from north to southern parts thus separating the eastern and the western coasts of the country. South of the dolomite mountains lies the Po Valley. This is the basin of river Po. Italy has also been shaped by major geologic phenomena. Crustal subsidence occurred when Wurm Regression surface lowered within the Naples Bay. Glacial activities are also present in the northern parts of Italy. Seismic and volcanic activities also occur in Italy especially in the mountainous regions of Pozzuoli Bay (Dvorak Mastrolorenzo 5). The Apennines experience a lot of earthquakes together with volcanic eruptions which occur in the western parts of the Apennine slopes which also occur on several offshore islets. Active volcan oes include the Ve-suvius, near Naples; Mt. Etna on Sicily Island and the Stromboli which is located in the Tyrrhenian Sea.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Physical, Human, and Economic Geography of Italians specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Climate of Italy The southern parts of continental Italy have warmer temperatures than the northern parts. In northern Italy, temperatures can reach below freezing point during winters. Some parts of the northern Italy can also be covered by snow during the winters. The northern and central plains and river valleys have rich soils while the southern areas are hot and arid occasioned by violent which swell the rivers into threatening torrents (Woolf 14). The south east winds of the sirocco prevail in the Naples and in Sicily, and are more prevalent in winter than in summer (Brun 592). Natural Features of Italy Italy does not have enough natural features. There are on ly a few natural features like the natural frontiers formed by the Mediterranean. The Alps also from part of the physical geography endowed to Italy. The Alps are so expansive such that they cover four fifth of the country’s territory. The great Alpine Arc sweeps west to east from the Mediterranean to the Adriatic. The Apennines are very steep and they stretch irregularly down the entire length of Italy. The mountains in the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia do offer a great hindrance to cultivation (Woolf 13). Natural Resources of Italy Italy is well endowed with natural resources. The Alpine provides plenty of limestone for the country to mine and use in the construction industry. This is present in the valley of Pieva di Cadora. In the same valley is found lead and silver. The mountain of Gregni harbors iron oxide while calcareous rocks are found in Vicenza (Brun 592). Thus the mineral resources of Italy are Iron, Aluminum, Lead, Zinc, and Mercury as the metallic mi nerals. The non metallic minerals include Sulphur, Pyrites, Potassic salts, Feldspar, and Fluorspar whereas the fuel deposits include Lignite, crude oil and natural gas in form of methane (King 8). Industrial Setting of Italy There are a wide range of industries in Italy. Most of these industries are located in the northern parts of the country. Italy is known in the world for her fashion especially in clothes, shoes and furniture. Italy also manufactures motor vehicles, computers, and electronic gadgets. Rice is also produced together with wheat and other grains in the fertile Po valley. It is also worth noting that the finest meadows and the fattest cattle can be found in the same valley (Brun 589).Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, Italy is one of the world’s largest producers of wine. These wines come from Friuli, Vicentino, Bolognese, and Montferrat. Italy also produces all the fruit trees that do well in the temperate regions of Europe like the Dyospyrus lotus. Animals in Italy exist in places which are related to the specific climatic and environmental conditions. The mountains are home for the lynx, the chamois, wild goat, ferret, the dormouse, and the lemming whereas the Apennines host porcupines, buffaloes. Domestic animals include the horses, the ass, the mule and the sheep. Conclusion Italy is a country in continental Europe which is also composed of the two major islands namely Sicily and Sardinia. Her northern parts are covered with mountainous features which are characterized by extreme weather conditions during the winters. Geologically, the mountainous areas are comprised of the rock dolomite. To the south lies the Po valley which is also the basin of river Po. Italy is one o f the countries in Europe which have a long history. Her artistic legends such as Titian and Giorgione contributed a lot in putting Italy on the global scene with their paintings. Italy is also endowed with natural resources such as Iron, crude oil and Lead which are considered as the major sources of Italy’s economy. Most of the population resides in the cities while a few are left in the country to do farming. Works Cited Brun, Malte. Universal Geography or a Description of All the Parts of the World On a new Plan: According to the Great Natural Divisions of the Globe: Accompanied with Analytical, Synoptical, and Elementary Tables, Vol. VII, Wells and Lilly- Court Street, and White, Gallaher and White. New York, 1829. Dvorak, John Mastrolorenzo, Giuseppe. The Mechanisms of Recent Vertical Crustal Movements in Campi Flegrei Caldera, Southern Italy, Colorado: Geological Society of America, Inc., 1991. How Stuff Works. Geography of Italy, 2010. 10th Nov. 2010. ttp://geography .howstuffworks.com/europe/geography-of-italy.htm King, Russell. The Industrial Geography of Italy, Australia: Croom Helm Ltd, 1985. Woolf, Stuart. A History of Italy, 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change. London: Methuen Co. Ltd, 1991. This research paper on Physical, Human, and Economic Geography of Italians was written and submitted by user Jayce Mcpherson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample GED Essay Topics Helping You Write Better Essays

Sample GED Essay Topics Helping You Write Better EssaysSample GED Essay Topics can be really helpful in helping you get through some of the more difficult parts of your exam. Some people just find it impossible to write an essay for GED level. They find it too difficult or boring and they don't want to do it, so they give up. However, with sample GED Essay Topics, you can easily write and complete your GED essays.The GED has a learning curve, so it is not as easy as other high school subjects to write a successful essay. However, the harder you work at it, the better you will do. There are plenty of GED Essay Topics on the internet to help you write and review your essay effectively.One great resource for sample GED Essay Topics is the 'GED Essay Look Up' tool found at GED Essay Online. This is a free online tool that searches for topics related to your college. You can then search the tool for topics related to your college, the college's curriculum, type of tests you took or any ot her thing you like.The GED is a tough test because of the content. In many instances, many students are burned out or too busy with life. Sample GED Essay Topics helps you focus your attention on specific topics so you can focus more on your essay.There are many reasons for why some students have given up on their GED essays and found them to be so difficult. First, they are not doing their research and getting all the information from their school and how their school offers their classes. The truth is, most schools do not offer what the GED covers. Another reason students give up on their GED essays is because they feel like the test is too hard.Sometimes it feels like GED Essay Topics are just too difficult to write. The fact is that it's not difficult to write a good essay if you use some techniques to help you get it done. These GED Essay Topics can help you focus your attention on the topics you need to know in order to get your essay to be as good as it can be.With GED Essay Topics, you don't have to worry about whether or not your essay will be interesting. Sample GED Essay Topics are designed to be entertaining and easy to read. Once you use some of these techniques to help you with your GED essays, you will find yourself writing many more of them.

Is Europe a Multicultural Society †Humanities Essay

Is Europe a Multicultural Society – Humanities Essay Free Online Research Papers The Oxford dictionary defines multiculturalism as ‘the policy or progress whereby the distinctive identities of the cultural groups within a society are maintained or supported’ (Oxford, 1999.) Some people would consider this to be an accurate definition whereas others not, whether or not one agrees with the above depends on ones interpretation of multiculturalism and whether they are pro or contra a multicultural society. Multiculturalism does not always have a positive function in society and that due to fundamental differences in cultures, it may never be possible for a society such as Europe to be fully integrated to be multicultural. This essay will firstly look at the different views on multiculturalism before exploring whether or not Europe is a multicultural society. Multiculturalism was first used to describe Switzerland in 1957, but came into common currency in the late 1960s. (www.wikipedia.com/multiculturalism.)When one thinks of multiculturalism one thinks of a term used to describe societies, especially nations, which have many distinct cultural groups, usually as a result of immigration, as mentioned in the introduction this can lead to anxiety about the stability of national identity, yet it can also lead to cultural exchanges that benefit both cultural groups. Whether or not one takes it to be positive or negative is dependent upon ones interpretation, more often that not, this is due to economic and social backgrounds. Ruth Lea director of the centre for policy studies voices her opinion of multiculturalism as ‘there are two ways in which multiculturalism is interpreted, the first one being more common, that is every culture has the right to exist and there is no over-arching thread that holds them together, and, the other way is what I would call diversity, where people have their own cultural beliefs and they happily coexist – but there has to be a certain level of Britishness to hold society together.’ (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3600791.stm) A recent study by the BBC on 1000 people in Britain highlighted the fact that 62% of the people surveyed said that multiculturalism made Britain a better place to live, but also found the public opinion to be that ethic minorities need to adapt to the British way of life to be accepted by society at large. (http://news .bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4138616.stm.)Does this mean that if the immigrants were not of the minority they would be more welcomed? Let us not forget that the United Kingdom has been a multicultural state composed of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, and also a multicultural society. During the potato famine of 1845-1850, which saw many Irish immigrants arrive upon British shores, were these immigrants asked or expected to obtain a certain level of Britishness in order to be fully accepted in society, or is it purely a racial thing to outcast ethic minorities as they are seen as the ‘other.’? Rhian Beynon of the joint council for the welfare of immigrants believes that multiculturalism and statements such as the above, have fallen victim to a negative press, Beynon states that ‘multiculturalism is like asylum seeker, it’s become tainted because of the way some individuals have used it and I think there is a school of thought that lumps multiculturalism in with political correctness and would jeer at it’ (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4138616.stm) In Kenan Maliks essay titled ‘against multiculturalism’ he states multiculturalism as ‘an authoritarian, anti-human outlook’ (kenanmalik.com/essays/against_mc.html) and the Prime Minister, Tony Blair confessed to the BBC that ‘I never know, although I use the term myself occasionally, quite what people mean when they talk about multiculturalism.’ (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4138616.stm) Could it be that this level of uncertainty of multiculturalism, even by the prime minister, be the reason that many people including Trevor Philips, chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) are calling for multiculturalism to be scrapped? Or is it that multiculturalism separates communities? (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4138616.stm) One thing is for sure, multiculturalism requires that all cultures should be open, self-critical, and interactive with their relations with each other and whatever ones interpretation of multiculturalism is, it is important to remember that to understand it is to appreciate that it means many different things. With taking all of the above into account, how far can we go to say Europe is or is not a multicultural society? If one takes a look at the surface of Europe one can say that it appears to be a multicultural society, after all ‘Euroland’ is made up of different countries, each having their own distinct languages, customs and traditions. The recent expansion to ‘Euro 25’ bridging the gap between western and Eastern Europe, (one must take into account that the customs and traditions of most of eastern Europe are very different to western Europe, and are more a liking to Russian customs and traditions, due to its long occupation by the former Soviet Union.) One can look at these and see that Europe is a sort of ‘melting pot’ in which customs and traditions are shared. One can see religion as another factor making Europe multicultural; one can see that Christianity lives side by side with the orthodox religion. Music being another factor, for exampl e, popular music from Italy is also just as common and popular in France and Spain, just as much as it is in its country of origin. Eating habits being passed from country to country. Culinary delights being bought and sold all across Europe. Another strong factor in that Europe is a multicultural society is the Euro, the single European monetary system. Surly the Euro must signify that Europe is indeed not only a multicultural state but also a multicultural society. Or does it? Take a closer deeper look; after all, in order to answer the question efficiently and effectively, one needs to take a look into the deep heart of Europe. Italy, is a country which immigration is a fairly new process, yet, the Italian people along with the Italian government (Forza Italia party) are not hesitant in letting immigrants know that they are not welcome and that integration is not wanted, after all, one of the mottos for the Forza Italia party is ‘Italia per Gli Italiani’ (Italy for the Italians) and the recent closing down of a mosque in Milan provides one with evidence of this. Mr Berlusconi also recently declared that ‘We don’t want Italy to become a multiethnic, multicultural country. We are proud of our traditions.’ (guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1740902,00.html) France once believed in immigration in principle, but pretended to itself that its Muslim North African immigrants would eventually go away. (unieurope.org/showarticle.php?id=785.) This of course was not the case and January 2006 saw Paris as the centre of violent attacks between ethic minority groups from the Parisian suburbs with the French police. Furthermore in February 2004 French congress banned headscarves and other ostentatious religious symbols from French state schools. With France having the largest Muslim population in the European Union with around 5million, making it also the second largest religion. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/663862.stm) So why did the country whose values are Libertà ©, Égalità ©, Fraternità © ban headscarves? Was it an anti-Muslim legislation? No, it was not an anti-Muslim legislation; in fact the reason lies deep within the French constitution, the constitutional requirement of Laà ¯cità ©, whose origin stems from Greek, which means â⠂¬Ëœsecular.’ (Baubà ©rot, Paris, p10.) The French government is legally prohibited from recognising any religion; instead it recognises religious organisations [†¦.] Laà ¯cità © is best described a belief that government and political issues should be kept separate from religious organisations and religious issues [†¦.] French consider religion a private matter, and, any ostentatious displays are generally out-of-place (Baubà ©rot, Paris.) Considering the above, does this mean that Laà ¯cità © along with article one of the French constitution which states France is a secular republic; La France est une republic, une indivisible, laà ¯cità © et sociale.’(www.wikipedia.com/frenchconstitution) pose as a barrier to France ever being a multicultural society? What effect will this have on Europe being a multicultural society? Germany, country with the largest number of immigrants than any other E.U state, one would consider being multicultural and at the forefront of multicultural rights, just like it is on environment issues (Cini, 2003.) Germany is in fact, where nationality was long conceded ethic in origin, immigrants originally were excluded from cultural or political assimilation, with the fiction that they were all ‘guests’ that would all one day go home, (www.unieurope.org/showarticle.php?id=785) made and does make it hard for immigrants to integrate in order to give birth to a multicultural society. The Netherlands whose aim was a ‘multicultural society composed of equals’ (www.unieurope.org/showarticle.php?id=785) on the 2nd November 2004 witnessed the murder of Dutch film maker Theo Van Gogh, by Dutch Muslim Mohamed Bouyeri, who claimed to have acted in the name of Islam made it difficult for them to achieve their goal and left many Dutch people having new reflections about Europe. (dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1763492,00.html) The United Kingdom also had the aim of a ‘multicultural society composed of equals’ (www.unieurope.org/showarticle.php?id=785) did not even want to join the Euro, the single European currency. Surly this would have been the first stepping-stone in achieving this goal! The United Kingdom like the Netherlands also saw an attack in the name of Islam, this time the London underground bombings. This ‘attack’ left shockwaves throughout the nation. The bombings were carried out by people who have lived in the United Kingdom for a long time or were even born in Europe (dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1763492,00.html) The attacks along with Van Gogh’s murder creates more barriers not only for certain states to become multicultural, but, for Europe becoming a multicultural society. In conclusion and with taking all the above facts into account, one does not think that Europe is a multicultural society and the idea of Europe being a multicultural society is merely just an image trying to portray Europe as multicultural. It is this ‘image’ that is the idea of Europe; the idea being the main goal of what Europe should be, cultures coexisting peacefully and harmoniously. When one looks into the deep heart and inner soul of Europe one can see that this image is a long way off and far from being achieved, in fact this image of the ‘idea’ of Europe is nothing more than a delusion that the governments of Europe are trying to achieve, by many numerous strategies such as introducing the ‘Euro’ and uniting east and west. Those who want to live in a ‘foreign’ country regardless of gender or ethic make-up, for a long time should learn to over come the sense of ‘foreignness’ by getting to know the country better, by having an open mind and be willing to accept new things and try ‘integrate’ into the ‘new’ society. Only then can we try to establish a multicultural European society. 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Homeschooling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Homeschooling - Essay Example According to Green and Dempsey home school parents’ beliefs about the values, content, adequacy, and methods of public school education appear to be implicated less strongly in their decisions.† (Green & Dempsey) Home schooling is considered to be the process by which children are educated at home alone without studying in a class with other students. It is a response to many weaknesses that many parents have detected in the public education system. Home-schooling is an option for parents who wish to provide their children with a different learning environment than that which exists in public schools. It is also an alternative for those families who are unable, for practical or personal reasons, to comply with the regulations of a public school. Therefore, as Chris Lubienski mentions, home schooling may be defined as â€Å"a flight from modern American school.† The present trend is based on various factors which motivate parents to choose home schooling as an option for giving education to their children. This form of schooling provides better family bonding and socialization with the family members as most students are studying within the home environment and in close knit set up with the other family members and siblings. The flexibility of choosing the most productive time for schooling activities is also very encouraging. If there may be a family event or some family function, the study time can be adjusted accordingly. In the present times with good connection and internet and online information, it is easy to get information and use it for study purpose. The online information provide good platform for research and guidance with regard to school curriculum. Many schools and forums also have information related to home schooling. The present trend can also be said to lay foundation for the future trend, which will make the information easy task for the parents as well as for children who are home schooled. In the 1960’s and 1970’s lot of research

Management Information System Lead To Efficient Services Research Paper

Management Information System Lead To Efficient Services - Research Paper Example   The problem in the Java books is the management of supply chain wherein the procured finished goods are sold to customers. Through inventory, the finished materials are recorded, stored, processed, received, and fulfilled for the effective control of operation because it establishes the consistent connection between the purchase of books and delivery.  The information system is significant in controlling the inventory of books because after it received orders, the computer-based systems will process the changes in the data. Thus, it records relevant information automatically. Shajahan (2004) asserts that the system can inform the managers of the items that must be ordered to shipping companies. The author asserted that this system aids business to ensure a high-quality of service for costumes and saves time in searching for the records in the manual system. This strategy is most preferred due to its accurate data or information provided; hence, it prevents companies from shutti ng down. Furthermore, inventory management avoids â€Å"overstocking,† which decreases expenses because of the clear picture of needed materials (Oz, 2009, p. 86). Invoicing Invoice generation refers to the issued bill of a seller to the buyer that includes the price, quantities, and scheduled date for payment (Sagner, 2011, p. 104). Ward (1995) initiates that invoicing, with the help of MIS, will avoid errors during the transaction period between the buyer and a seller. When conducting transactions, invoice design must be readable, clean, and accurate address and statements. Automated invoicing allows for designing the format that matches the criteria such as MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) or OCR (Optical Character Recognition) fonts. Thus, it will result in the efficient transaction because of accurate information indicated in the bill including discounts. Repetition and inconsistency of orders and storage prevent problems for managers. Order Fulfillment Costumer s are conscious of their time; hence, they want for a fast, accurate, and low-cost services provided to them. Through the help of MIS, the manager can attain the desires of her customers. When customers order for a specific book, the manager can check its availability on the warehouse and response immediately to their request, which increases customer satisfaction. When compared to manual management, the customer is obliged to wait until he garners the response. However, MIS "synchronize and manage the flow of materials" despite the complexity of resources (Ricker & Kalakota, 1999, p. 66). Thus, the manager can easily meet the demand of consumers and its changing preferences due to MIS. In addition, customer satisfaction increases due to the on-time distribution system. Unlike in the manual processing in Smith's bookstore, the customers were dissatisfied because the books are delivered late. With the help of inventory control system, the processing of order fulfillment is enhanced. It is noted that on-time delivery of orders signifies an efficient distribution operation. According to Ricker and Kalakota (1999), order fulfillment creates an impact on customers due to the following reasons: on-time delivery, less erroneous mistakes, and convenience in customer experience.  Ã‚  

Health and social unit Essay Example for Free

Health and social unit Essay Outcome 1 understand the importance of equality and inclusion 1.1 Diversity- Diversity literally means difference. Diversity recognises that though people have things in common with each other, they are also different and unique in many ways. Diversity is about recognising and valuing those differences. Diversity therefore consists of visible and non-visible factors, which include personal characteristics such as background, culture, personality and work-style in addition to the characteristics that are protected under discrimination legislation in terms of race, disability, gender, religion and belief, sexual orientation and age. Equality- Equality means treating people in a way that is appropriate for their needs. For example, if someone with a disability wanted to board the plane and was in a wheelchair, it would be no good saying to them, â€Å"you have to take the stairs like everybody else†. What is needed is a way of getting on the plane that will suit everybody’s needs without showing them up and treating them in a way that is worse than other people. Inclusion- Inclusion is about equal opportunities for all pupils, whatever their age, gender, ethnicity, attainment and background. It pays particular attention to the provision made for, and the achievement of, different groups of pupils within a school. Discrimination- Giving preference over one kind of people over another because of race, color, creed, national origin, disability, sexual preference, age, maritial status, looks, etc. 1.2 In a work place discriminatin can diliberatly occur, I.E for example if you celebrate christmas and make everyone get involved with secret santa or christmas gifts but not everyone may not celebrate christmas some may have differant religions and beliefs,this is why you should see things with an  open mind and not discriminate anyone just because of your own beliefs. 1.3 By supporting a person’s equality you are treating them as equal and including them in all activities, you will be reducing the likelihood of discrimination Outcome 2 2.1 Equality Act Humans Rights Act GSCC = The General Social Care Council.

Cultural theory and the meanings of money :: Business and Management Studies

Cultural theory and the meanings of money Couples and their money: theory and practice in personal finances Four perspectives draw on: * Economics and rational choice theory * Social structural approaches * Psychological approaches * Cultural theory and the meanings of money. According to classical economic theory money has four main functions: †¢it is a medium of exchange, †¢a store of value, †¢a unit of account, †¢a standard of deferred payment. Perspectives within economic theory relevant to personal finances: †¢fungibility This notion is standard in classical economic theory and means that money is considered to be neutral and interchangeable, so that any unit of wealth is substitutable for any other (McCloskey, 1987). †¢rational choice theory This assumes that people make reasoned choices in order to maximise their overall welfare or utility. Rational choice theory lays stress on the importance of information in facilitating the efficient working of markets and of consumer choice. Daniel: I have a high interest account with First Direct as well. And then I have another savings account which is slightly lower interest. The high interest savings account has a penalty on withdrawals, so I keep a sum of money in there stable which I don’t draw on. If I have extra spending, or I need to top up my current account in case I’m going overdrawn, that comes from the third, lower interest account which I keep for small amounts. When I have a surplus at the end of the month in my current account I transfer across to the high interest account as much as I can. Daniel’s economic rationality extended to credit cards and Air Miles. He explained about his American Express Gold Card: I use that for my purchases because I get Air Miles on that, so all my purchases I get Air Miles and I transfer that to my various Air Miles accounts. I originally got a Gold Card because they did a special offer, had one free for a year, and so I gave up after a year. Said ‘No thank you. I don’t want to pay for a card’. Oh well, another card arrives free for a year, so I said, ‘Fine’. Pahl, J. (2001) ‘Couples and their money: theory and practice in personal finances’, in R. Sykes, C.Bochel and N. R. Ellison, Social Policy Review 13, Policy Press Bristol. Rosie: If I’ve got to have dealings with them for money, I like to know that it’s only a certain number of hours†¦ I like restrictions of banking hours; I do quite like that. I’m old fashioned, completely opposite to Daniel. If he sees that something is wrong with one of